Preface to corridors of Time

PREFACE

CORRIDORS OF TIME


We have Time as chronos and Chiros, time we experience in day to day activities,in our yearly cycles of weather,in the revolutionary periods of celestial objects,our psychological and thermodynamic arrows of time and the historical and prehistorical time and beyond all these a realm of timelessness into which human consciousness gets glimpses into.This relativity of time had been a problem of thought for all the scientists and thinkers of ancient vedic India .Their mathematics,astrophysics,timescales of universe and concepts of karma and punarjanma all originated as offshoots of this thought.The equivalent of this Advaitha is seen in the modern Astrophysics after Einstein’s time.My attempt is to link the advaitha of Einstein and post-Einsteinean science with the ancient thoughts of Indian seers and thus establish a Mahaa Advaitha of western and eastern science and philosophy.The ultimate aim is for a grand unification of human consciousness in the neurophysiological development of human race ,for world peace.

In this book christened “Corridors of time”,the personal time,the relative time experienced by the human being due to his/her geocentric position,the cosmic time and the timeless Thrikaalagnaana(knowledge of the past,present and future) are explored through the eyes of the east as well as the west ,so that any one who loves to explore ,and who does not have the knowledge of the Sanskrit language to do so,can compare and find a unity in the consciousness of human mind ,whether in the east or west,whether speaking different dialects ,whether white or black,male or female..The regional ,linguistic,racial,religious and national prejudices of human beings arise out of limited knowledge and a narrow vision and to establish a Mahaaadvaitha of entire humanity we have to get out of the shackles of separatisms.Passing through the corridors of time ,human mind sheds all egos,all separate feelings,and become a speck in the cosmic dust,not different from other fellow beings,or from other fellow creatures.All chara and achara(moving and nonmoving,living and nonliving)creatures become one with cosmic dust and energy and this energy (sakthy as called in India)is what makes us think,will,act (Icha,gnaana,Kriyaasakthy)and even move and live,in its various attributes (motor efficiency ,and bioenergy).The difference in quality of various living and nonliving things is due to difference in the quantity of the paramaanu(subatomic particles)which form the matter .This is the ancient quantum mechanics of KanaadaVaiseshika..The human thought is quantum ancient and so is our heritage of genes.(as shown by the geneology of generations of historical personages known and unknown to us)

The journey starts with the personal time and history of the author,since every author starts the journey from within and from a personal background,just like any astronaut starts the journey up from a geocentric position.But the stream of consciousness tells us the direction of the journey from the very beginning.Are we destined to remain in the same spot we started?Or are we progressing?That depends on our Guna(quality)and our concentration on what we do. Hence a personal sacred journey is the seed or germ of what we are destined to cross or traverse.The journey is a continuous one ,both in dreams ,and in hours of wakend state(jaagrad) as explained by Upanishads,and explored by Modern psychological dream analysis.

For the ancient astronomical texts,two of the texts of Varaahamihira are used in this book..One is Panchasidhanthikathanthra,and the other Brihadvaaraaheesamhitha.The first is the karanagrantha which compares five of the earlier theories of India and hence purely scientific astrophysics and comparative astronomy and mathematics,and includes study of eclipses to learn the geodesics.The second one being a samhitha is a practical text for observation on celestial and natural phenomena as metereological studies and how each of these observations affect the different regions on earth.The third text of Varahamihira(Though it was the first text I studied in 1975,for the basics of astronomy)Horaasasthra is not used here ,because it is more of the personal effects that the celestial phenomena will cause to individual human beings.
The questions of whether mapmaking and division of globe and cartography were known to Indians is a question of interest,since Indian goods have reached different parts of the world from antiquity both by landroutes and searoutes.Without mapmaking and cartography and precise knowledge of geography ,and materials obtained in different parts of world as well as the world markets and economy,and astronomical direction of polestar and other celestial phenomena for safe travel no one can conduct long journeys is an accepted fact.
1There are evidences for Indian goods reaching different parts of world by landroute and searoute at least from Mehrgarh period
2.This worldtrade had continued without any inhibition until the Portuguese came to India .
These two facts itself is enough to grasp the gravity of the problem of knowledge of astronomy and cartography of Indians.Yet ,to make the points clear ,the texts of astronomy and mathematics and the literary evidence they provide to corroborate the abovementioned evidences is necessary.Hence the study of these two texts is undertaken.This will also determine whether the cradle of astronomy was Greece or India.The ancient routes (both land and sea)and the significance of them in the mapmaking of Indians is explored through the various texts .
The searoutes were historically used by phoenicians.But who were these mysterious Phoenicians?How were they connected with Indian trade?How their language and the Indian language Brahmi are the same?And how language trees show the common origin of all?How was the west coast of India connected to Egyptian trade and later to jews and Christians?And how is it that all sea trade was located in the Malabar /Kerala coast and the early jews/Christians/arabs/Chinese /islam came to Kerala first and established here through trade and commerce?And what is the role of Phoenicians in that?These questions leads one to the history of the Kerala kings as shown in the Mooshakavansa and its significance .Also the continuity of the chronology of Mooshaka kings from yaadava (krishna’s race)from Krithaveerya Arjuna down to the present Uthraadam Thirunaal Mahaaraja is significant and the astronomy of Kerala as seen in the Vararuchivakya ,the findings of Parameswara and Madhava (who was the first to describe the Gregory series) of Kerala before this knowledge was explored anywhere else in the world.The long lineage/chronology and the prolonged history of astronomy in the westcoast of India are thus linked to the antiquity of Indian searoutes..

Most of the traditions of India are considered as myths by Indians themselves and they connect it to religion alone.But ,apart from spirituality(Nishreyasa)India was concerned with Abhyudaya(development in economic/living conditions)as well and the myths are not really myths if we care to explore.The new disciplines of archeoastronomy,ethnoastronomy and archeogeodesy are explored to show this and the astronomy in other parts of world in the corresponding periods and the stories of ancestor migration studied in the light of genetic and cultural background.The relativistic physics and quantum mechanics of Indian science as well as the wave mechanics of Naadabrahma are compared to that of modern astrophysics.

There is a dharma ,a soundarya or aesthetics of virtue in everything .This truth(satyam)and soundarya (beauty)is always auspicious(shiva)for human race.When there is imbalance in it chaos set in and nature tries to balance it and the whole universe is functioning on this balancing act.When chaos increase,a force(sakthy)is generated which balances the situation and dharma is protected.The Gita thus says

Yadaa yadaahi dharmasya
Glaanirbhavathi Bhaaratha
Abhyuthaanam adharmasya
Thadaathmaanam srijaamyaham

Now the world needs such a balancing .The feelings of separatisms and distrust and hatred among people of different sects and ,people speaking different languages ,and people following different professions,people of different nationalities and religions are increasing and dharma falters and the earth now needs a Mahadwaitha or grand unification of all thought processes.Sankara did that in 8th century when there was such a need.In the 21st century ,we need a Mahadwaitha of unification of Post Einsteinian Science with the ancient Advaitha of India and this book is a humble attempt for that

.This is done with a prayer,

Let there be peace in the world.Let everyone live happily and peacefully !!!!
Dr Suvarna Nalapat

Corridors of time.Content

Contents

Corridors of time

Preface
1Dreams from heaven .Introductory chapter summarizing the stream of consciousness of


the author as a running commentary and analysis of thought processes from diaries 1969-

1999

2.Panchasidhanthika .The astronomical treatise of Varahamihira.

3.Mapmaking and division of globe as science(cartography)

4.Cradle of astronomy .Greece or India?

5.Routes and roots

6.Malabaar and Egypt and early Christians in India

7.Phoenicians and language development

8.Mathematics
Brihadvaraaheesamhitha
Kethu
Saptharshi and koormavibhaaga
Vararuchivakya
Grahanyayadeepika of Parameswara
Yanthra
Volcanoes,tsunamis,floods ,metereological observations

9.Archeoastronomy ,ethnoastronomy,and archeogeodesy
Myth and cosmology
Astronomy and calendar in other parts of world
Great floods,ancestor migrations,phylogenetic charts
Interference distribution of energy and wave mechanics
Dynamics of relativity
Spacetime and its cognition in Bhaagavathapuraana of Vedavyaasa

10.Satyam ,shivam,sundaram

Neurophysiology,numerical notations,and abstraction of concepts
Philosophy and aesthetics of Virtue(Dharma)
Geneology of Mooshakavansa
Vaasthu of Vannery and sangham literature
Geneology of Ikshawku,Vikukshi (Of Raama and Budha)
11Vaiseshika of Kanaada .The quantum basis for Indian sciences and philosophy compared with modern relativistic sciences and quantum mechanics.
12.Mahaaadvaitha ,A theory of everything.
13.Chronologies of Yaduvansa,of Yudhishtira and of the world comparison
And conclusion
14.References
15..List of Figures and maps

corridors of time Chapters 6 & 7

Corridors of Time chapters 1-5

An introduction to the book CORRIDORS OF TIME

Dreams from Heaven!!!!

(Summing up the stream of consciousness as diary from 1969-1999)
When I wrote Patheyam,1my spiritual autobiography,one of my readers asked,Arent your dreams illusions of an unrealistic world?
I wonder,Where should we separate illusion and reality?.Johannes Kepler 2dreamt that he has seen the clock of heavens and that he was traveling to the moon.And he created science from that dream.His illusionary dream became science for the next generation.Kekule 3dreamed of two intertwining serpents devouvouring the tail of the other,and he found out the 6 carbon ring of Benzene .Benzene ring is science and the dream which gave birth to it is not science.Where is the logic,in it!
Varahamihira 4talks about the illusion of passage of time.And of space.Curt Godell5 said about it:Illusion of passage of time arise from confusing the real and the given.We think of occupying different realities.In fact there is only one reality.And Einstein(ref 6 )carried the torch ahead.
Iam trying to organize my old diaries and copy some excerpts on to my computer.A diary is a running commentary ,of our stream of consciousness over a long period of time.Disordered,it may seem,but on second check,a perfectly ordered rhythm is in it,as in in the harmony of prime numbers.I am now arranging my psychological arrow of time ,as a running commentary of my consciousness’ passage through the corridors of time.
My chronological age is 62..But my stream of consciousness goes back to millions and millions of years back.So do the sequence of my DNA .From that ancient world I want to create a new world of love and peace .My dreams and my streams of consciousness follow a cosmic calendar,I discover with wonder .
In a cosmic calender one day is 40 million years!
One second is 500 years.
Every cosmic minute is 30000 years.
Converting that to degree,
10= 60’=180 0000 years
1 month(30 0)=54 00000 years
120 0(4 months)21600000 years
240 0 ,0r 8 months =43200000 years
Therefore 12 months or the circle of 360 0 is 64800000 years ,the energy number of Einstein.And this cosmic calendar was known to the Indian astronomer right from vedic times.Not the written vedic times,but the oral veda,the nomadic cattlerearing and early settling periods ,when mathematics was done with just 3 symbols,a small line or stick,a dot(the decimal or the Bhadram) ,and a zero(open cowrie shell) and the history of ,Indian mathematics and knowledge of the age of earth is as old as that cowrie seen abundantly in Indian ocean in and around Lanka and India,the Reimanian seashore zeta landscapes ..The power notation of dasaamsa(decimal) was invented right back in the beginning of civilization in India,by an unknown ancestor who took a stick ,a bhadram and a cowrie and calculated the very big numbers of the yuga and the kalpa.Surprising.But there are many evidences for this .
The dream when in a single tiny moment ,time,energy and space become one with the dravya of our body giving us unusual insight into a bygone past and a passion to create a future of Oneness to the entire world(Advaitha)is my only reality.And for creating those beautiful dreams ,Indian classical and light music has been my friends/or aides.When I review my life after 60 ,I find only this reality.All the other experiences were just illusions.And ,then I remember the words of Krishna in the Gita,that a yogi is awake when others are asleep and asleep when others are awake.That is absolutely true.What is real for a Advaithin may be Greek and Latin for others.And what is real for them is just an illusionary world for the Advaithin.
The truth of an astronomer is both the dream and reality of the ancient rishi.The essence of all the living and nonliving things,of all the civilizations and languages,sciences and arts consolidated as the rasa experience of soundaryalahari in a split second in one’s consciousness as if in a mirror ,in a dreamy mirror.They come to us in our deep sleep as visions,because that is the only natural state when we forget our sense experiences and are totally transcendental.We are then beyond the limitations of our socalled limited personality/ego and the limited experiences of this world.The history of mankind as we know it today is only a few last seconds in a cosmic calendar of mahakalpa and yuga.This small day-to-day life which we think as real is not the real.The real is something beyond this.
For a soul to evolve fully the environment is selected by an unknown power.We don’t choose our parents .The parents,the home,the spacetime for the event (birth)is beyond our free will.This then determine our education and the possibility of wisdom we aquire.We are given the appropriate experiences,friendships,acquaintances at the correct moment so that we evolve fully.We don’t have free will on that too.
The poetic and logical truth or reality (reality of jagrad and swapna)are the function of the brain.The right and left hemispheres have a perfect job division.My brain has to be a combination of both.I cant deny my right brain’s existence.I cant deny the dream experiences as illusion,because that too is the experience of my own brain.Dreams are like flowers to a plant,natural to human mind.We cant deny them as illusory.They are more real than what we call real.It is a neverending fountain of my cognitive and creative power.The dream analysis of clinical psychiatry after 7Freud was concerned with dreams and imaginations of a diseased brain.The dreams and imageries of a perfectly healthy mind was not studied by them .The mind of a yogi,(a true yogi )is calm and from it creation and cognition arise as flowers,fruits and series of generations of thoughts for the next generation from the orderly synchronized past and present.And that part is unknown to doctors,familiar with psychiatric clinics, concerned with only the thoughts of a diseased mind immersed in mundane thoughts and its stresses,anxieties..The dream of a 8Ramanujan (of Namakkal )resulted in his creativity or rediscovery of magical squares.
At first ,in childhood I thought these dreams are from a past life,unknown to me altogether.But towards the end of my life,I wonder,where my dreams predictive of my future ?Or is the past and the future the same point as the present ?The lack of division into timespace as an experience of bliss makes one an advaithin..All people see dreams,whether man or woman,whichever religion,caste ,creed or socioeconomic strata.No bar for age or language or spacetime for a dream.We touch not only the subconscious but also the superconscious planes in a dreamvision.When we see the same symbol repeatedly in an orderly rhythm,from childhood,that has to be considered not as an ordinary dream but a predictive or a rediscovery dream .Dreams are universal symbols since they recur in all people irrespective of any difference in spacetime or other attributes mentioned above.
There is a symbol of Dreamy prediction in Bible.That of9 Ezekiel.Ezekiel on the 30th ruling year.4th month,5th day saw the heaven’s door open and God appear.There was a northern hurricane,a bright fiery envelope ,and in that cosmic dance of nature he saw a human form with 4 faces ,4 wings,and 4 such forms appeared.All had hoofs,and bright golden colour.The faces were lion,Garuda,Rishabha,and Man.Then he saw a light like lightening(in Veda soudaminisamaprabha)and the voice of God(as thunder).Whether in India or abroad,the dreams of celestial beings are seen as a vyuha ,usually of 4 or 8.Krishna,Durga,Vishnu,Rama,Sanaka and his brothers,Angels ,evangelists ,all are in vyuha,never alone.In the Suvishesha of Mark,which starts with the white pigeon of peace and the healing power of prophet,there is the symbol of lion.
So it is quiet natural for me to have dreamed of a raasichakra in the middle of which the Devi stood,it was also perfectly natural to visualize the 4 lionesses who delivered 4 kitten.10.The dream just show that I am also destined to see the cosmic proportions and to talk on world peace and harmony.And for healing powers of music .What Ezekiel saw was ,the 4 cosmic directions of rishabha(with pleides or karthika in it),simha (with Magha and the saptharshi in it),Garuda with a serpent (just opposite to rishabharasi is the vrischika with sarpamasthakam or Anuradha and the Jyeshta or balarama as Anantha naag)and the Aquarius (man)or Hamsa (paramahansa)with Agastya and Vasishta opposite to that.These 4 points are 90 degree apart from each other and travel as a vyuha only. The cosmic form like this is seen by prehistoric men and women as dreamvisions.It is the KA of Brahmi,the chithrakoota of the serpent worshippers of India (The Bharadwaja group)and is the symbol of cosmic consciousness.The golden rectangle of the viswaroopa.
We know the growth of the body .It is visible.But our mind also grows.It is an invisible process.If it does not grow ,we become stunted.When a tree become old enough it produce flowers and fruits in appropriate rithu(season)natural to it.The dreams we see are like that.The end of a dream is when it is fulfilled.(or it become the fruit).Here the ancients and the modern dream analysts differ.
My dream is nature of my mind..Or the rithupushpa my Atma creates on my mind.It has something to tell me.To teach me.As a human being,when a doctor listens to dreams of a client ,he should try to understand them in this way,not as mere illusions of a mad mind.Musical imagery in music therapy is used for this .The visions of the other world,the near death experiences etc of the clients are to be seen as parts of human consciousness.
In a similie of a plant with a blooming flower which turns to fruit,there is naturality,beauty ,fertility symbol and the concept of revival(punarjani),the nectar of eternity and Jung was able to see this ,unlike his predecessor Freud.The fertility of a plant is not sin.But a natural phenomenon for next generations to exist.A continuity of geneology .Of human race.That is a dharma,a duty ,and a beautiful experience for the rishi of India.And for all tribal cultures of the world and they saw it as a divine dream,as Ezekiel also did.The symbol of snake ,Goddess ,of Rasichakra as gates of heaven,swans,and other animals were interpreted in this way.

A rectangle or square with 4 sides,a quadrata divided into 4,a square within a circle,a mandala of Rasichakra,or squaring of the circle are symbol of individuation according to Jung’s dream experience.The total personality development is indicated by 4 cardinal points.The 4 and the circle enclose the whole.11Jung calls it the fourfold NIRDWANDWA(a Sanskrit word meaning not a second,or ONE ONLY)free from any opposites.Fantasies and dreams of a personal character may be explained by individual anamnesic but fantasies and dreams of an impersonal character cannot be reduced to experience of a single individual past,and are collective inherited memories or structural elements of human psyche.An autochthonous revivalof such memories as visions can happen in dreams in lucid states ,in yogic visions in reveries etc.The snake symbol or leminiscate12 ,a favourite symbol of collective psychic substratum 13which is localized anatomically in the subcortical centers ,cerebellum,spinal cord which constitute the snake according to Jung and kundalini according to eastern yogins (snake)are seen as early as Hippolytus ,Eleuchos 4.It is said that snake dreams occur when the conscious mind deviates from its instructional basis.And it has nothing connected to sin or sex.The fact is,symbols are the same,universal ones ,and it is the interpretor who interprets them as sin or sex who should be studied for the behaviour.The one who interprets it as a divine thing ,or a natural thing is safe.The one who interprets it as something bad or unnatural has something of that quality lurking inside as subconscious guilt feel.
I have seen snakes in dream only twice and those two occasions were good for me and not bad.And it had something to relate to my inner growth .They were from heaven or may be from this beautiful earth,never from hell or from guilt conscience.The snakeshrine and its symbols in my ancestral house had always been auspicious to me in my life.Once my musical Guru Jesudas also has seen three golden serpents swinging their heads in ecstacy to his music and it had not brought illluck to him either.(This year ,in 2008,on the night prior to the beginning of the Dakshinaayana ,I had the third dream of snakes,two of them having a pearl/diamondlike body coiling round and making a very beautiful sreeckakra figure on my courtyard –drawing a kolam for me in my dreams !!)
My birthstar
I was born when the sun was in Mesha (Aries)and the nakshathra or asterism of the moon in Punarvasu in Gemini(Mithuna rasi) on May 6th.The lagna (Ascendent )is Cancer(Karkitaka).From my childhood I had been the devotee of Krishna (Vishnu )as Guruvayurappan.When I learned the Dhyanaroopa of Vishnu (in my middle age)I was surprised to note that,In punarvasu star,the dhyana of Vishnu is as the long thin fingers playing the flute or the veena. The poojadravya for Vishnu in this star is silk dress and long gourd(padavalangai.)Then I read Vamanapurana(ref 14).It says if you are meditating on Shiva in the rasichakra,in Punarvasu in Mithuna meditate on him as siva and sakthy,preparing to merge with each other,,sitting on a cot together,They have musical instruments like veena in their arms.Are enjoying music together with musicians,dancers and shilpi(architects)around.They are traveling in leelagriha(playhouses)and Vihaarabhoomi together.This I read only in 2002.
My love for music and for Vishnu was written in my star ,when or may be before I was born .Such discoveries occur all on a sudden when you are least expecting them.If you are writing a diary you can analyse your stream of consciousness,the unexpected things happening in a regular order on which you have no control.
The first attempt of my diary writing was in 1969,as a student ,in my 23rd year.The mind was in a state of musical nirvana of love and was very immature at that stage,I can see when I read and look back at that diary.
Then there is a long silence of 7 years and diary writing resumes in 1976.That was just after reading the 19 diaries given to me by my aunt of her uncle ,the poet –philosopher Narayanamenon.And I write in that diary.”A blow .A strong blow in life brings a thoughtful person to the infinite.The life is not for immersing in luxuries,in selfish motives.It is a lesson to a learned .Sorrow and pleasure follow each other.Then a quote from Swethaswetharaupanishad on the two suparnas.Then I state ,From now onwards I am into a permanent Tapas,a integration of karma,gnana and bhakthy in my mind’s thriveni.In my practice of this I should never fail.I wont fail.Sitting in the vatmeeka of samsara,the long tapasya of philosophy makes me pure.It is because there are sorrows around me,that I am hearing that divine voice always within ,calling me for action”.(The internment experiences in the hospital wards in 1969 and suicide of a housesurgeon in 1975 December and professional experiences had prompted these,along with the knowledge of the insignificance of samsaara. )..May 1976.An entry goes:”The concept of heaven changes with age.While I was a kid,my heaven was a room full of icecream,Cadburys and toys.Then it became a beautiful garden of sweet smells and colours.Where beautiful gandharvas and Apsaras play around singing,smiling,dancing.Then there had always been a small baby KRISHNA with a peacock feather and a flute .The concept of heaven is actually the state of our mind in particular spacetime.”The concept of heaven and hell are subjective not only from person to person but also from age to age ,and within the same person in different periods depending on his/her evolution in life.
I had excerpts from Das capital(14) and vivekaanadasahitya(15) copied in this diary.The quote of Marx”The prescription of superstitions which appear cruel to individuals ,are conservative for the community,and the preservation of the labouring cattle secures the power of cultivation and the sources of future life and wealth.’He says this about the protection of the cow in India.For a agricultural economy ,cattle which give labour as well as manure ,and energy (gober)to the rural people has to be considered as power and should be protected.If not,the agriculture suffers.I felt that is a good point of observation he made.When the nationalist movement took the symbol of the two oxen with a plough ,this social message was there,but unfortunately it is no more with us.The dharma,humane felings,economy of a agricultural land all depended on cattle and Krishna the cowherdboy ,the protector of cattle become a sociopolitical symbol ,with his brother carrying a plough for irrigation with yamuna canalwater.
In November the stream of consciousness views the deforestation for exploitation,and the habit of planting Eucalyptus which is not good for rootsoil,and a dream of Advaithic nation with no such exploitation of nature .The economy should be equal to all.Then there is a short article written for Grihalaxmi weekly ,written as per request of the then editor .In this I request the new women’s weekly to give more importance to intellectual and social messages of women ,and not to the usual flimsy topics covered by all womens magazines in the country..
There are two diaries in 1977.One deals with immunopathology,neuroendocrine functions and is purely medical.The other deals with Katha Upanishad and the Gita and also quotes from National parent teacher (April 1955)an American journal.It says:’Modern education is that mysterious process whereby information passes from the lecture notes of the Professor,through the fountain pen of the student into his notebook,without passing through the minds of either”.(16)
I used to repeat these words ,in my lecture clases,to enforce that our lectures and learning process should not be like that.And in one of the college magazines one of my students(Dr T.P.Nazer)quoted this as said by a madam wearing a large kumkum on her forehead looking like a Brahmin lady.And that created a small tempest in the teapot of Pathology department where at that time there was only one Brahmin lady who was vehemently opposing that she has never said that and all others wondering who might have said that.
Then comes a nostalgic page.The 5th birthday of my son.He had given a picture of Christ and sweets to his sister Elizabeth in convent school and she had in return given a beautiful bouquet of flowers.I could see the dry petals of those flowers in my diary page with a short comment from me:When he is grown up and I am no more,he might one day see these as a remembrance of his childhood days and of his loving mother.”
Then there come quotes from Aarshagnana,(17)message of Upanishads,(18)secret doctrine of Blavatsky(19),in between some easy recipe for my kitchen,and several songs written down in haste.That year I had the first Gayathri darsan but I didnt write it down,because I thought that was just an illusion I had because of my tired brain.
By 1978,I can see that the silly girl of 1969 has become a mature person.Vivakanada,Leadership and crisis(Robert Lhamblein )international relations,Plato’s republic were in the reading list .There are several film songs .Then a quote saying that for an intelligent woman the best relationship is the good companion pattern.Because it is for the strongest initiative,intelligent persons.It is obvious that I had started to identify myself as an intelligent woman with initiative and strong too!!
Cattel’s theorem,how group discussions should be used for decisionmaking,and problem solving (professional)social communication and its importance come in the year 1978.The phases of group problem solving and its awareness had helped me a lot in my later life as a teacher,pathologist ,administrator,and researcher.(When I write this ,I have resigned from Amritha hospital for a special administrative reason.It is 4th and 5th stage of a group problem solving activity .For a valuebased educational dream ,I had to set an example by that.)

Diary 1979.
In the pages of it I fished out an old letter sent by Soolapaniwarrier to Bhanu.It is written on 14.12.79.He says not to worry about my health but to think about his health .And he says according to Abhilash’s horoscope the mother has a healthy,long life and a very good future life.He says he has my birthchart with him and that the fractures might have occurred several times before the age of 11 years in childhood(fall etc)and will be naturally over with sukraapaharam(transit of Venus) and no need to do any parihaara(remedy) for that.Then he says he remembers a tiny face of mine which he had seen long back in Nalapat.And the divine light of my granduncle’s face and his help and educative talks which made him what he is,he can never forget and they are his vedavaakya for life.
Then comes vivekananda,Socrates,social psychology,excerpts from quraan,geetharahasya,sriraamakrishnavachanamritha,biography of Marx,Gandhism,socialism and the concept of the 3 gayathridarsan in a row,Which had given me a shock as well as a calm and peace not known before.By 10 years (from 1969)my love has become one for the entire universe!! I can go through that now by just reading through the pages of my streams of consciousness in these diaries!! I relive those moments of growth!
The next decade 1980-1989
There are 4 diaries in 1980
1.The kerala Govt diary:A Malayalam version of pathology was attempted at this stage.some references in Pathology,Govardhanagiridhara of NarayanaTheerthar.
The data collected for an astrological research on cancer and other diseases,an opinion about the literary criticism discussion that was being published in Mathrubhoomi.
There were many who were criticizing destructively.I felt The discussions should be impersonal.Should not cross barriers to the personal level.
2.Manorama diary :Amarakosam,Russel,Jungian psychology,sex education,communism and Christianity,the matter prepared for AIR Calicut on 22.1.80 on valuebased education.
The syllabus committee of Sidharthasankar Ray,public philosophy of Walter Whitman,difference between a voter and a citizen,public interests,unbalanced budgets,communist manifesto and Jacobites dogmas,educational psychology ,how to improve and increase the selfconfidence of the people,and for what ,how to do selfanalysis and find out our own weaknesses and rectify them.
3.Another Manorama diary:How to develop ethical sense in children?Rigveda,eduation,the Lumbini script (Brahmi)numismatics.Has a woman the strength to face difficulties?The topic discussion in AIR (19.9.80)Gayathri,astrology,Meteors(Fedyensky)Narayanatharvasiropanishad,Albert Camus and a few songs(film)
4.LIC Diary:My pleasures,my motto,my aim,my creed,religion and caste/in one page.The importance of joboriented education,wholistic education,planets,history,astrology,difference between samadhi and hypnotism,thaoism,Mithraeism,yogasidhi and realization of God.
In December 1980 following these streams f consciousness we decided to take Brahmacharya from Kanyakumari.

1981.

Astrology.A radioprogramme on 3.3.81(why we are unable to prevent cruelties to women by the law alone?)and seminar on Education for the future India(22.2.1981).How is our economy destroyed by the negative type of strikes?History.Skylark(shelley’s poem)Bharatheeyadarsanam,sadacharasasthram,sreechakram,Astronomical riddles in Mahabharatha,Home sweet home,a programme on AIR (October 6)

1982.There is a letter written by Valiyamma(Balamani amma)within the pages of this diary.And a paper cutting saying:”The practice of unalloyed devotion to the Lord by developing a distaste for any sense-pleasure and by reveting the mind on Him through discipline will enable an aspirant to capture the form of God and enshrine Him in his heart.Cultivating extreme repugnance to worldly objects ,listening to the narratives of the sports of God,looking after the welfare of all beings ,abstaining from exploitation of others,bearing no illwill towards anyone,eschewing the company of nonbelievers of God,observing strict celibacy,refraining from gossip,resorting to meditation in solitude,remaining friendly and adopting austerity in food habits are some of the steps to attain God.Having gone through joys and sorrows,a person,who has thus controlled his mind,will develop detachment .He will gradually withdraw himself from the world.
The mystic cosmic poetry of shelley and Christian Morgenstern ,a direction to see pages 101-108 of Ammaman’s diary for information on classical music of India,speed of sound333/sec,a dispute on Autopsy that happened in the Pathology department,a few lines from bible .
March 31 .1982.A writing on sreenivasaramanujam’s magical squares .And then how I could relate it to my Gayathri darsan,astronomy,Ezekiel and his vision,Ayurveda,Duncan’s according to the evidence,binary systems,sahasraaram,Adityahridayam,diary of Ammaman,music,Pythagorus and Arabian music,sreechakra,suryasavithry,leelavathy of Bhaskaracharya,Fibonacci,sound waves.
80-100 decibel decrease audition
100-120-ear aches
140-160 neurosis,psychosis
over 160 even coma and death
over 90 decibels is responsible for various diseases.over 20000 Hz ear cannot receive the waves which are ultrasonic.(a graph of this)If foetus subjected to more than 80 decibels the child will be small and even congenital anomalies can occur.
1985.manorama diary,
The utpathykrama.On Amyoppu,the dream about janaki Amma,Bhanu,The worlds lost mysteries,
1985 unisan diary:The issue register of books of Abhilash,TV Time table,,cosmos excerpts from Carl sagan show.
1986.two diaries.
1.The music written for vasanthy on saibaba,
Sankaracharya-the ekathmabharathasilpi,astrophysics,origin of moon (theories)astronomical calculations,Ptolemy,T.O.Map,preliterate societies and their culture,The challenge of teaching,the vansa of Mercury,The kalasarpayoga of Oct 30th.
Koutilya,the sacrificial hall ,Robert Garisto and Newton,cosmic order(ritham)
Nabu chandasar ,Budha and Arabic script for Nabi
Sakthipeetham,Andal,History,Rgveda.
2.Unisan diary.Thirupathy mahotsava,(brahmotsava)chinese language,rain in North Arcot district from 1979-86,diary of Abhimon,notes for speeches,Brahmanalakshana,secrets of pyramids,mysteries and wonders from all over the world.
1987:Astronomical calculations,rigveda,science for everyone,how we can see what we see,(V.Denmidov).The boundary of preconscious ,purpose of calendar,discussion on arshagnana,(7.10.87)origin of terms,a new epoch,letter of kala,one of my readers from edappally on 6.5.97 and its reply.
Dec 10.89.article of sujatha and reply to it.The article ,Newton and Howard Gardners Frames of Mind.(read on May 1987)The parts about musical intelligence is copied in full,because that was very interesting and I wanted to learn about it ,through the musical intelligence of contemporary singer yesudas,.Numismatics and psychology.
1988.Sriramachakra,pascals law,chandas,science of music,astronomical laws,difference of opinion with Dr Raaman ,time of vararuchi,his vakyam,brihadaranyaka guruparampara,9 jewels,29 vyasa,secret doctrine,susruthasamhitha,festivals of Singapore and Indonesia,their languages,research on women participation in academic chairs of calicut medical college,expanding role of women in sciences.
1989.Susruthasanhitha,hindu mythology,and religion by John Dawson.
(In this decade came a few novels and ,comparative study of religions captioned ,.amrithajyothi and panchasidhanthika,the astronomical text of varahamihira with commentary and comparison with modern science from my pen and I took my MD in pathology too.And Abhilash completed his school education and entered college.)

The next decade is 1990-2000

There are 2 diaries in 1990.One deals with the cultural history of kerala and the other is part 3 of patheyam,the official part of my biography.Regarding pathology,research,administration and so on.
1991 there are 5 diaries,the first two are part 5 and 4 of biography.Also the menu for Bhanu,qurraan,secret doctrine’s view about karthika or pleides,the relation of absoo or the abyss of learning and the naaga,synopsis for book naagapanchamam,and a talk for August 15th ,on the gains of 50 years of independence and what we should do for further development,religion and political conflicts happening in south asia,paavangal(translation of Les Miserables by Nalapat Narayanamenon),etc .
Another diary is excerpts from new york academy of sciences on nature of native language acquisition,and foreign language acquisition..Psychic phenomenon,precognition,psychokinesis,the meaning of psi,pk and methods of learning and teaching techniques ,the true aim of education,a useful change in behaviour,planning strategies to solve problems,vedanthasuthra with sribhashya of ramanuja,yagna in taithireeyasamhitha
.Then the next diary with historical studies and articles ,on lakshmanadesikendra,author of saradathilaka,jaipur observatory and instruments used in it,the contribution of India to archeological research,the magic world of pyramids,sound,language and numbers,the mythology of south and central America,scythians,shefa who visited Solomon ,the chera,chola,pandya and mooshakavansa history.
Another one contains susruthasamhitha,saradaathilaka excerpts,and in one of them how monkeys are given artificial nirvana by an electronic brain experiment .a button is pressed so that 3 times/sec for 18 hrs or 194400 times .In amygdala are the memories of fear.Basal ganglion has memories of habits /physical skills.Hippocampus is seat of memory.Ascending reticular activating system from lower one third of brainstem to posterior hypothalamus as seat of consciousness.
The making of a poet-seamus Heaney ,W.B. yeats,speech for Annie Besant memorial lecture,speech for Nalapatan award for Leelavathy about her book on archetypes,A vision of W.B. yeats, when all planets join in punarvasu in karkitaka,the fire of the heavens,and universe returns to its seed position.Uthradam in utharayanabindu,is watery lunar,by nature and have love and discord with fire,both.They dominate in turn,in love making all the things into one,advaitha,and when they are in discord every thing in the world separate and this opposite states go on endlessly repeating.
Then two papercuttings on yesudas.
Concepts of literature.myth and literature.
How parents can help in developing overall personality of children –a speech for st Michels school calicut
Oriental elements in 19th century romantic poetry
Mudra a study of ujjainy by O.N.V.Kurup..vachanamritham for AIR,Bhakthilakshanam,J.Krishnamurthy and the nameless experience by Rohit mehta,problems in ahmes papyrus,kumaon pictures,saraswathy chowky,dhooli chouki,numismatics.
Next diary with selected poems and a symbol of 5 pointed star,the sweetness of nivedya about valiyamma’s poems,a new model of universe by P.D ouspensky,a preface to wordsworth,the prelude his poetic biography, That one is interesting.
Wordsworth observes that our memories are selective and protects us from falling into the abyss of despair.This renewal happens when our imagination and mind are in control.These moments happen in childhood itself.And the memory lingers in old age even,protecting us.He had it at the age of 5-6 . I had at the age of 7-8.
Experience of Wordsworth:At the age of 5,while he was riding a horse ,he was gripped by a fear,and a vision helped himout of that fear.The vision was of a turf,a pool,a beacon and a woman.Years after when he fell in love,he saw the same place and vision –he wandered there youth’s golden gleam is the word used.The greatness of man is created out of childhood experiences and we contribute ourselves something to the mere impressions.The childhood experiences were the sources of his creative power,and it was like a door suddenly opened and the memory of it lingered in later life (Pratyabhigna of Indian)He says The days goneby come back upon me from the dawn almost of life which signify the memory of past life.’
The perspectives in philosophy and science religion and art by I.C Philosophical research follows.The last of the 1992 diaries is on administration,management,education,pleides and the kabirim.naagapanchamam.
1993has 3 diaries.one starts with coleridge,and poems to shiva by indira viswanatha Peterson.in memorium of Tennyson and ammaman’s kannuneerthulli comparison,lunar craters,nidaanasthanam or pathology in susruthasamhitha,sandranandam,a note for kashaaya of bhanu.
The second one a speech for advocates association on love,a speech on how to make blood donation safe ,AIR Vachanamritham ,107th birthday of ammaman symposium on poetry after nalapatan,inauguration by K.P.Narayana Pisharody and presided by Paayipra Radhakrishnan who wanted my susruthasamhitha for sahityaacademy after hearing my speech,
The brontes,the respects paid to EMS and my speech on Roopabhadrathaavadam on the occasion..
Prabhashanam on vayala vasudevan pillai’s death of a bird.
Romantic imagination by C.M.Boura,difference between romantic and realist.Romantic sits alone with eyes turned inwards,realist sits in company ,among several people making lot of noise.
A visionary or darsanika has 5 eyes like 5 faced shiva.one turned to stars and sun and sky,one to the outside just like any other person,one romantic eye,one to the prakrithy,prapancha,and the 5th to oneself,to the inner consciousness.He may see what the common man see or may not see that at all.But the darsana or vision of a visionary is never seen by a common man,and he lives in the sunrise of eternity as said by Blake.Romantist strongly feels that he ispart of the creation and creativity.
12.12.93 narayaneeyadinam bhakthythatwa and vedantha speech at guruvayur.chathusloki from brahmasoothra of sankara,speech on the karmayoga of vivekananda to NSS Womens polytechnic .Guruvayur utsavam speech on bhakthy based on balamani amma’s poetry. Study o f devindra kohli on kamaladas excerpts.march 6th sadsamgam at NSS Karayogam speech.
72 melakartharaaga-the name from ammaman’s diary of 1946 appears in my diary in 1993..
madhavikuttiyude varshangalkku mumpu,oru pathrapravarthakante ormakurippukal(V.M.Nair),poem nishkramanam(Balamani Amma). Chilappathikaram into Malayalam as poetry ,translation work done.
1994 four diaries.
Sopanasamgheetham(study of Balamani Ammas poems),lokantharangalil(study of Balamani Ammas philosophical poem after her uncle’s death),gurupaadangalil(unpublished poem of Nalapat ),nakshathraroopa for meditation for vaishnavites and saivites for maanasa worship,infinity and the mind by mathematician Rudy Rucker,Goddell and his theorem ,mysticism and rationality,thirukkural.
Patheyam book 7 .
Dept of foreign languages:- influence of French literature on sociopolitical and cultural fields of kerala,notes on jesudas kutchery,sandranandam,on a adivasi mother who nostalgically remembers picking mahua flowers,a questionnaire of chilla magazine on sthree dharma answered,pumsavanam,yesudas conversations,
Excerpts from diary of nalapat,on music,literature and life.
1995.
ancient myths in modern poetry,focus on Yeats,Ezra Pound ,Eliot and Auden.Freud and Jung on myths ,the psychoanalytical background,the way of the Zen and Aroopadhyanam,the romantic survival ,a study in poetic evolution,Marxist theories /structuralist Marxism.Recent developments by Eagleton,readeroriented theories,theoies of reader psychology,feminist criticism,political feminism,3 phases of gynocritics,as feminine,feminist and female phase,French feminist critical theory,Laccan
communication and leadership,assessing quality and quantity of work done,the crest of the peacock,ambergriss,Phoenician religion and temple,mitotic cycle,agni as regular pyramid or tetrahedron,earth as cube or hexahedron,air as octahedron ,water as icosahedron,akasa as dodecahedron with a central pentagon.
Carlyle’s literature –lectures on heroes,greenhouse effect,Roger Penrose,the world’s oldest roads,jews of Israel,archives of environmental health,900 AD Chingelpet inscription,village assembly with executive committee rules and functions.Thodaas,
Sushumna suryachakradhyanam and Aavaahanam of Krishna from sun to heart .(by spanda becomes suvarnavarna from blue).thapoloka near sahasrara is yellow golden(suvarna) and when we visualize that colour our intellectual pursuits become better and unselfish.All the 7 swaraas are contained in the golden colour.
On Thirunaava,volcano eruptions,earthquakes,kutch lipi,platonic solids,fullerene and garudane.
Response management in organizations,risk analysis in decisionmaking,crisis management,TQM,leadership problems,ohio model,traits to be possessed,guidelines,inertia between coordinates the theories of Einstein.
Souvarnam ,mandukyakarika,Wittgenstein,a study on Viennese positivism,visions of vedic poets,varieties of religious experiences,critical exposition of philosophy of leibniz,hegel and modern philosophy,hindu view of art,thaithareeyam,translation as discovery,literature,social consciousness and polity,reality knowledge of value,truth as cocorrespondence –existentialist view concept of praamanu in navyanyaya school.Man as transcendence,jyothisha a comprison,mundakam and mandukyam,media and women( a speech)

1996
sandilyabhakthisoothra with swapneswarabhashya.
poems .modern man in search of soul by jung.poetry and the sacred.mysticism a study in nature and development of man’s spiritual consciousness by Evelyn Underhill.
Huge of st victor three types of music.
1.prapanchasangheetham.
A.of the 5 elements number

Measure,dimension
Weight,gravity
B.planets position

Movement,velocity,momentum

Nature
C.Time



Day month year




Light darkness dark bright six rithu/ seasons


2.. Human music
1.Godmade vocal from the body as daiveeveena
2.from the athma spiritual also daiveeveena
3.merging of the two.cosmic and bioenergy music as neuroscience,devotional experiences,art and science of music

3.Instrumental music which is manmade.
We are not seeing truth ,we are hearing and listening to it.A heavenly melody ,intolerably sweet ,all symbolic languages come and fill the mind of the mystic.mysticism joins hands with music and poetry.description of a spiritual experience is always symbolic.
Three thirsts of man.
1.we become travelers or pilgrims from the known to the unknown world
2.we become lovers when the thirst for heart to heart or athma to athma become predominant
3.we become yogins when thirst for perfection and internal purity predominates.
Poornatha or perfection is the most beautiful vision .The three types of mystics with these three thirsts or temperaments are
1.mystic quest
2.marriage of the soul
3.great work of spiritual alchemists who use the metallic and planetary images and language of alchemists.
Mystic is a totally mad being who had drunk the perfect beauty(soundaryalahari)of eternal light ,by turning his/her eye into the depths of ananthatha or endless wisdom.The one who is lucky to get a glimpse,or just a sip is his twin,the artist(musician,poet,dreamers,prophets)who lives half in dark and half in brightness.American psychologist Bucke has analysed this type of artists also in the group of cosmic consciousness.I am happy about that.Because,I am more of the first type sometimes drifting into the second as a poet.

Three types of visions

1.intellectual(spiritual)
2.imaginery
3.corporeal.

The first comes to us without our asking,as if some other power has planted it there.It is very intimate to us,and is not explainable.A formless presence.A formless akshara.A feeling that God is with us. This could be a symbolic form or a personal one.The lightriver of Dante is a symbolic dream of truth.It takes the visionary to a plane of eternity.This is not madness.In a meditative person it appear involuntarily,at the summit of a train of thought.Dhyana is the media of the mystic.It is to him/her what harmony is to a musician,form and colour to an artist,meter to a poet,-vehicle by which we can best apprehend the good and beautiful ,enter into communion with the real.
As a voice or a vision is the way in which his/her transcendental consciousness presents its discoveries to the surfacemind so contemplation is the way in which it makes those discoveries ,perceives the suprasensible;The growth of his/her effective genius.It is connected to our artistic growth.Growth is influenced by the vidya in turn.
These things are written .
Then the Tibetan book of the dead,psychological commentary by Jung,chandogyam,philosophy of the Tamil sidha as realized souls.
The panchamakara
Madya is the symbol of gnaana which makes you drunk with bliss
Matsya is the pranayama.
Mamsa is control of vak and senses
Mudra is the dhyanamudra of yogi
Maithuna is thanmayeebhava with paramarthasatha.(absolute truth)
Pleasures of philosophy by Will Durant.pp 387 deals with 4 stages of development in understanding religion.
1.emotional belief
2.metaphysical belief
3.absolute disillusionment
4.aesthetic understanding(the best).This is the soundaryalahary or total oneness and bliss with the beauty /aesthetics
A speech for All India astrological conference at Alwaye on 15.9.1996.
1997 diary
Leela the game of knowledge,the 72 squares which make up the field of the cosmic play and the musical scales.
Introduction to philosophy by Russell.PEANO .
Men and movements in American philosophy
The mind of sankaracharya
First principles by spencer
Scence and religion an interpretation of 2 communities (both are 3 fold and circular.
Ananda an experience
A comprehensive anthology of fundamental writings eastern mysticism
She was queen of Egypt
Surely you are joking ,Mr Feynman.
On precision of equinox .Carl Sagan predictions
Freud and dreams ESP Research
Psi processes clairvoyance ,telepathy.
The faith and modern science
Esoteric Christianity
Village gods of south India
Ramayana traditions in Asia
Philosophy and scientific cognition,
The problems of Newton
.
1998.travel to Nepal
secret doctrine excerpts
dead towns and living men
speeches of lord Curzon
theory of evolution
jesus lived in India.(This I read after settling at Ernakulam)

1999
I have compiled all my Krishna poems and collected in a single diary.
Nepal travelogue
6.2 1999.sandranandam released at Ernakulam womens association hall by K.J.Yesudas.
16.5.99 Pragna reiki inauguration at Moovattupuzha.

Notes on Ammadevi cult
18.5.99 a dream vision.
Kannan paadalkal
Nalapatan award for M.P Veerendrakumar and K.G Karunakaramenon award for C.K.Sujith kumar at Nalapatan cultural society (speech) on Oct 7th

Vishnusahasranaamam

Oct 10th Mammiyur devaswom sangheetholsavan aarambham
MSS Meera padalkal
72 melakartha and naagakkettu.

I have just enumerated the stream of consciousness in 30 years(1969-1999).How my mind had been concentrated on things which are not mundane for such a long time,so that I cant sometimes understand the ordinary day to day talks.That doesn’t touch me much.Just superficial hearing only.My growth is something like an inward growth ,and then viewing the outside world from within .A figure of 8 pattern of vision.A witness only ,not touched by the external world .In 1999 I realized with wonder that I had been prepared for a realization from childhood through my repetive dream visions ,to do something which even I didn’t know.A sort of astronomical synchronicity.This niyoga is around vridhachala and its memory.
The temple at vridhachala has only 72 karana unlike other temples which have 108 .
Leela (gnan chowpad has )72 cubes
360 degree of brahmanda is 72 X 5 or a panchamukha ,pentagon ,the golden proportion of thripurasundari.(panchaanan or shiva,simha or vahana of Durga)It is the most perfect aesthetic model of beauty.
72 Melakartha raga which I first came across in Nalapat Narayanamenons diary,in the year 1975,twentyone years after his death..
72000 madhunadi,72000 jeevanadi,72 melakartha,all come and superimpose in my mind’s canvas and when I am right in the middle of finding out the place of me in this mandala of 72,yesudas comes into my life .The right person to stimulate the musical 72 melakartha and the music therapy thoughts dormant in my interdisciplinary mind.God’s moves are always in the correct time,correct place,I believe.The recognition of my Vridhachala dream ,not only as a past memory of a bygone life,but also as a predictive dream for my life to evolve into,suddenly dawns in me.The past and future merge in present .Timelessness as eternal spacetime and revelations flooded my mind as never before.the diary from 2000 to 2007(now)shows the difference in pattern very well.
The journey has completed a full circle from Ammaman’s death and vision of vridhachala,to series of interdisciplinary studies keeping me away from mundane influences ,and 72 melakartharaaga and the interconnectedness of that number with every other thing I had learned and to music .Then vision and aquaintance and communication with a musical genius and manasaguru(The unexpected happened as if from Heaven a star dropped in front) which gives an intuitive revival of all experiences and integrative summing up,for recognition of my niyoga and role in life,though late.Better late than never!!!Dreams come from heaven.My life story has taught me that.The journey through corridors of Timespace had been predestined harmony ,as Leibniz would have called it!
I have given the readers a glimpse of the curios I collected in my mental/intellectual timespace or corridors of this limited individual lifespan so that it could be a stepping stone to enter the unlimited corridors of cosmic infinite timespace which we are about to enter.To start from a limited timespace and to enter an unlimited one is easier for human race is an unwritten truth.Welcome to all my readers into the corridors of cosmic and prehistoric spacetime with which I am so intensely in love with.






PANCHASIDHAANTHIKA –The astronomical treatise of Varahamihira







While I was an infant ,my grandmother used to show star clusters and teach me their names.I was fascinated by my star,Punarvasu shining bright in the sky.Then started to see the difference between it and the Thiruvathira,one is white and the other red.I didn’t know that I was learning the luminosity of the stars at that age.Now when I look at a Hertzsprung –Russel diagram(ref 20) I understand the educative process of the ancient astronomers.Indian astronomers and how it started in infancy itself,when the child is brought out of the house for the first time to see the moon and the mother asks “Have you ever seen such a beautiful object?”I wonder whether the question was addressed to the moon or to the infant. My granduncle,the philosopher-poet Nalapat Narayanamenon used to say,If there are people who don’t believe in God,let them look at the stars and their rhythms.That is the sign of God.”
Almost similar words were said by Vincent Vangaugh “For my part I know nothing with any certainty ,but the sight of the stars make me dream.”
Astronomy means the measurement of stars and astrology means the knowledge of stars.Without measurement of stars we cant understand the stars,Two terms interrelated but often mistaken as science and nonscience respectively.
The study of astronomy had already evolved into the cosmology and origin and evolution of universe in India before the vedic times and when we read an astronomical text like Panchasidhanthika we remember this.This was the defect which mislead Thibout and other western scientists when they tried to understand Indian astronomy in terms of Euclidean and Greek astronomy and divinations.The cosmological distances were measured by Indians thousands of yugas before Hubbles constant.How do I state that?There are some methods described in Varahamihira.
,.The stars close to us the best method is the combination of parallax(shift which is apparent change in position of star viewed from the earth at least for one year)and an esoteric technique(measurement of moving clusters).Another method is to look for the red shift in the spectrum and analyse the light from stars and galaxies.The red shift shows that the star /galaxy is speeding faster away from us.In a cosmic distance ladder thus,our position (earth’s)is at the bottom ,and the most distant galaxy is at top.Betelguese or Thiruvathira is thus a supergiant red,and Punarvasu is a white main sequence star.When the ancient astronomers say that the universe has already seen several yuga kalpa and is in the 7th Manuanthra of varahakalpa,they mean that the age of the universe is that much.And when this idea was first heard ,the astronomers of 16th century Europe thought it is an illusionary fantastic superstition of Indians.But now they too are saying the same thing.If Ho is 70/Km /sec/megaparsec ,the age of big bang is 14 billion yrs.They say that the expansion of universe will become slower and slower (Qo as decelaration)as time goes by .This is equivalent to saying that the Kaliyuga which is fast will become slower and end up in a satyayuga again cyclically. We must remember that for modern scientists 300000 yrs elapsed after big bang for the galaxies ,clusters,superclusters of galaxies to be formed.Events and processes even long ago leave traces in universe.3000000-4000000 yrs after big bang the cosmos was permeated by sound waves.When Indian cosmology speaks about Naadabrahma,the creation of sound and light as a mandala,it is this ancient period.
With generalization of Newton’s mechanics ,the spacetime near a massive object is found to be distorted by the object and this produce a basic effect as a gravitational pull and orbits are produced. The observed universe is only a very very tiny part ,as Gargya says in his Goloka description in Gargasamhitha(21).Varahamihira and the other Indian astronomers were aware of these cosmological proportions of Garga and ancestors and this is reflected in their astronomical texts.We must also recollect that the general relativity and Newtons mechanics give only slightly different results.Distortion of space has a consequence which is very important.Light from an object ,directly behind another,more massive ,can have its direction changed so that the object itself appears to the observer to be shifted from its real position.An extended object can have the image changed called gravitational lensing.Any body with mass can lens any other body .The path of light can be altered by dark matter.When slight distortion it is weak lensing.The amount of solar energy falling on surface reflected back to space .Fractions between 0 to 1 is the value and for earth it is 0.39 or 39% of light is reflected back .This figure is roughly one nakshathraavadhy (39-40)in Indian systems .
Another important matter I want to stress is that the MSL or mean sea level or surface level of sea horizontal to land ,and its ellipsoidal nature due to spin can be understood only after several thousands of years of observation by people who live in the seashore,and this observation for several generations of people at the coastal area make them understand the random waves,regular tides ,atmospherical air pressures,Multiyear phenomena like Tsunami which come at regular intervals,the monsoon winds etc and this is very important for any seafaring people.The seatrade of India is first mentioned in Rgveda which is very ancient and hence the seafaring activity and observation of sky and wind might have started several thousand years before the Rgveda.And hence,when varahamihira speaks of star observations,heliacal rising of stars and the classification of comets etc we must know the antiquity of such intellectual activity which is the unique heritage of India.It didn’t start with Varahamihira.It is more ancient than the veda.The observation of monsoon especially which is unique for Indian coast must be taken seriously because it will give you a clue to the fact about the mysterious Phoenicians who used the same script,the same techniques of shipbuilding and trade as the Indians and vedic Aswins.None of these things were considered by Thibout(ref 22) when he placed Indian astronomy as a meager offshoot of Greek astronomy. And the modern historians also just repeat this mistake . To consider that the Reimann zetalandscape,with infinite zeroes at sealevel,(23) from the point of view of the Indian subcontinent ,the solution of Reimann problem may become easy.

The eqator is a great circle.After 1600 we take Greenich meantime ,but Greenich is not on the equator.In India ,Lanka,closest landmass to the equator was taken as zero great circle.The longitude(Meridianal) that crosses Lanka at right angles to it,passes through India and this was the Indian standard time all over Lanka and India.Such a unified system was never known to Greece or Rome and Only after India became a British colony,Greenich was established clearly points to the fact that the west had been borrowing from east even in 16th century.In 1884 only, the 15 degree steps of longitude and 24 one hour time zones accepted at Greenich.Hence the 24 hour(Hora)of India was known to Britain only after its contact with India,not with Contact of Greece or Rome which it had for several centuries.(The English translation of Thibout came 5 years after 1884 and when Einstein was only a child of 10 years is noteworthy.).To mention a latitude from the pole one has to mention the colatitude(reference pole whether from south or north)and Varahamihira mentions that in his tables showing how scientific he is about the spherical stellar geometry of the cosmos.Modules of colatitudes are polar distances or the linear surface distance.
The meridianal angle between any 2 points measured from difference in time at which some celestial body cross over the respective meridian.That is ,pass through the celestial meridian.The intersection line of celestial sphere and extended planes that define the meridians.For this a star is used,not the sun.Because of the complication of the earth’s axis.Indians used 28 to 27 starclusters.from vedic times.For measuring latitude ,observe the elevation of a celestial object .Take difference in value and value at equator for the point on the same meridian.This can be obtained by a reference book called a panchanga ,but has to be verified with sextants and Varahamihira explains how several observational instruments including a sextant is ,made.
Great circles are longitude,latitude and radian ,the 3-dimensional coordinates for that point.For an ellipsoidal globe ,the shortest path or diagonal/geodesic is not that simple.The geodesic does not lie in a plane.The difference in length between geodesic and great circle for a given pair of points on earth is relatively minor.
Computing the surface distances of 2 points of known longitude and latitude is with 4 steps,(We can do it from Lanka and Dhanushkodi in India)
(Modern:
1.In 3 dimensions connect the polar coordinates to Cartesian coordinates keeping radius of earth as algebraic variable R.
2.Take dot product of the two Cartesian expressed vectors.
3.Because both the vectors are of length R1 the L between is arc cos (+0.45257)=63.091 =1.1012 rad This being the arc subtending at earths center by the arc.
4.multiply the angle in radian by R
If R=6371 km
Distance between 1.1012X6371=7015km =3788 INM)
If R is 6379(as used in Varahamihira’s book)7024.5548 is the value.Poulisa takes it as 703 and others as 704.(6379 is the R of the earth’s orbit and its nodes in Indian astronomy ,not of earth)
Varahamihira in sloka 12 chapter 3 clearly states that 704 is the uniformly accepted value in India (saagarahimaadriparidou is the word used by him-from ocean to Himalaya it is accepted)This statement clearly shows that Poulisasidhantha is truly Indian and nothing to do with Paul as suggested by 16th century writers.And also that a unified system occurred all over India.
In sloka 17 he gives an ancient method of observation .Observe the ravigathimaana in each month .In one hour of 60 mts it is in order
Sikhi (3),agni(3),yama(3),rasi(2),viyutha(1),+1,+1,,+1,+1,-0,-1.This computed from chaithramaasa for 6 months is 57 ‘,57’.57’.57’,58’,59’, and for the next 6 months,61’,61’,61’,61’,60’,59’.The addition of these gives 708.
Which is 12X59.But ,the other method in sloka 11 is 12X150 =704.And India accepted these calculations.
If we draw the 2 great circles intersecting Lanka like this,the line of Ramasethu ,is the karna or diagonal connecting India (at Dhanushkodi)and Lanka(at Mannar)and it is an archeoastronomical line made by the stone age human beings of South India and Lanka.












If we make a flat square projection map, of the world,each coordinate multiplied by a unit of linear measure S=2 mm per degree(multiplier).The whole world map spanning 36 cm by 72 cm is obtained.Scale is 1:300000000 at equator(Lanka or Mesha zero degree)Remember that for longitudinal zonation each parellel divide into 8 bands from 80 0S to 72 0 N +one 12 0 band from 72 0North to 84 o N zone is to one of these lines a
60X2 1200 near rectangle



























The easternmost islands from there is 100 degree east ,and on the west is 175+75 or 250 degree so that a total of 350 degree .The rest 10 degree is that of India and Lanka together10 degree longitude means 40 mts time difference between the eastern border and western border of India,and Lanka can be accepted as a midpoint to standardize this .The distance on map is 1:300000000 for those on earth.I cm on map is 3000 km on earth.From Aswathy to Chithra is polar longitude 180 degree but polar latitude is only 2 degree 43 ‘S,between karthika and chitra the difference is about 5 degree . and this is in the south India only.The observations are from the southern tip of India and Lanka and accepted all over India from very ancient times.And about the figures 36 and 72,as I have several times proved ,it is an interdisciplinary number used in Yogasasthra,Indian medicine,musicology,and veda.(ref 24)

Why did the Indian Rishi use decimal system?

Because logarithms is easy with 10 base decimal systems .And they used it for computations of astronomical projections ,not merely for flat geometry.but also for advanced mathematical calculations.They knew differential geometry since they are aware of the longitude increase clockwise at North pole and angle of longitude become clockwise in south pole or reverse,and for the calculation they devise various observational instruments.This is natural because they had been observing the clockwise and anticlockwise movements of winds and ocean currents of the sindhusamudram(Indian Ocean) for thousands of years .This also proves why south Indians were the expert astronomers and expert seafarers.
Another important thing is a 6 mile wide NS band (5 degree 4’)along every meridian was considered a township band or a naagaraseema.But this is at equator.At higher altitudes this is not uniform
49 degree N exceeded 0.8’
At 54 degree nearly 9 degrees
58 degree by 10 degree (that is not a uniform 6 mile wide meridian as at equator.)
The division line for the south intersect the parellel a little east of the corresponding line from the north.Such midway parallels are the connecting lines (sandha or sandhi)The discrepancy would be less than one cm.which accumulate arithmetically to the west and to higher altitudes.If it is at equator ,at Lanka point this accumulation would not happen.To contain the accumulation effect,the scheme is reset every 4th degree of longitude with a new meridian defined as reference meridian in relation to Lanka/India meridian.
This can be like this.
0,102 W,,106W,110 W,114 W,118 W.Any position between 114 and 110 W will be west of 4th meridian.
If we decrease the clockwise angle from the north of any direction ,the direction east is said to have an azhimuth of 90 degree.An aerial projection described as maintaining azhimuthal angle at its central point .The distance from earth to moon is 35 0000 Kms .An aerial projection of earth is as seen from moon from 350000 kms. So if we use the above map with 36 on one side and 72 the other,it can be used as a a real projection also.Varahamihira was very accurate in sin-, cosine balancing.Sine and cosine are male/female/sivasakthy/yin yan/and are defined algebraically as infinite series.Expressed as angles measured in radians The fractional function or the product of all integers upto the required value.The word projection is equivalent to shine a light from inside a transparent globe like sun,and catch the cast image on a piece of paper flat against else centered around the surface of a sphere.This was used by all astronomers of India.(Including vedic rishi and Varahamihira)Trigonometry of Varahamihira gives projections for flat,cylindrical and conical films.15 degree for parallels and 30 degree for meridians were used,hence both are needed whereas Ptolemy gives only for 30 degree,varaha gives for both.This was because he knew what he was explaining and Ptolemy didn’t .Projection onto a plane is azhimuthal.onto cylinder and cone is cylindrical and conical .Plane shares a central point with the entire globe.(single point).The others a contact circle.Cylindrical with the great circle.Cone with a lesser circle.The contact circle developed became the contact line.If symmetrical to axis it is simple aspect,and any other position is oblique aspect. Gyrated 90 degree from the single is the transverse or equatorial aspect,simple aspect for azhimuthal at pole is is polar aspect,simple aspect for cylindrical contact with equator is equatorial aspect .Cone is in contact with some other parellel.with gnomon (sanku)varahamihira did both orthographic azhimuthal projection at pole,gnomonic central azhimuthal projection at simple aspect.When central azhimuthal gnomonic projection is used the projection point is center of globe or it is geocentric.This was adopted by Ptolemy from India but he didn’t know the full story.At 45 degree the gnomonic map reaches the same diameter as the orthographic.In short,the astronomers knew the compound projection of mensuration formulae by which the circle of radius R and sphere of radius R and cone of base radius r. This is important since in vedic geometry this type of compounding was taught to students in creation of sacrificial altar.The integration and differentiation is the basic of calculus and this was known to Indian astronomers .The 15 degree spacing parallel they called Hora and the 30 degree spacing meridian as raasi.
Differentiation is a process of mathematical analysis that for a given function derives a second function.Expressing the rate of change of value ,of the original arc we get the original function For eg ,the function that shows for some point X the cumulative distance traveled by a planet/a boat/car /or a train.Certain functions have a limit O ,several mathematical functions have that limit and are differentiable.Derivative sums of 2 differential functions equal the sum of their derivatives.The attributes equidistant,equal area,conformal are mutually exclusive of the other.The 4th ,the loxodrome (line on a map have consistent Azhimuthal leaning)which is of vital importance for ocean navigation .It is a subset of conformity.And it was this alone which Hipparchus,Ptolemy etc were concerned with .While Varahamihira and his ancestors were knowing it only as one of the subsets of their knowledge.
Comparison of scales:-
Length along the meridian of map/length along meridian of globe=length along parellel on map/length along parellel on globe.
OR
Length along meridian on map/length along parellel on map=length along meridian on globe/length along parellel on globe.
In history ,it is important to remember that the first Mercator projection was made only in 1569(The Portuguese travel time)though a Etzlaub projection existed as early as 1511.Now flights use a loxodrome along parellel with a length of 8000 kms .The great circle routes by direct flights cross the 70 degree parallel or 7000 kms.
The general assembly 1979 International association of Geodesy for comprehensive international use named Geodectic reference system 1980 or GRS 80 based on geocentric rather than surface determinants are given which are comparable to the numbers used by the sidhanthas in Varahamihira’s Panchasidhanthika.GM Gravitation constant 3986005X108m3s-2 including atmosphere(Indians 39 to 40)
J dynamic form factor excluding permanent tides 108263X10-8
Angular velocity of earth .7292115X10-11 rads –1
Flattening 1:298.257222101
Revised world geodectic system 84 or WGS 84.has minor variations.
(In Tamil poem Abhiraami Anthaadi ,sloka 65 speaks of Munnankirumoonru Which means 3X 4X 2X3 =72,the vedic number.which is important both for musician and astronomer/mathematician of India. )Equatorial radius accepted for earth for WGS84 of 6.378137 X10 6 m is for the satellite at a resulting altitude above surface of over 35000 KM .(ref 25) ( 6379 of Varahamihira is this calculation.)

The sine wave or sinusoid of soundwave and that of light were known to ancient Indians as we see from their musicological,astronomical and vedic calculations.They knew the phases 0,pai/2=90,pai=180,3 pai/2=270,2 pai=360,5 pai/2=450,3 pai=540.Which was used for music and astronomical calculations.It is from this the sine –cosine balancing was done by all astronomers including Varahamihira.To know a sinusoid one has to know three specific things.

1The frequency or number of times per second .The waves repeat itself in cycles.A sound with periodicity has pitches.ordered on a musical scale.Pitch related to repetition rate and hence in case of sinusoid to its frequency.This is also behind the afterbirth system of
Indians,.
2.The amplitude.The amount of pressure..
variation about the mean.
3 The phase or portion of the cycle through which the wave has advanced in relation to some fixed point in time.
The concept of fraction as an infinite class of pairs is introduced from the vedic times onwards in India.This understanding is relevant to mathematics ,physics,
Einstein’s theory of relativity and the Gauge theory of principles that describe the forms of nature according to modern particle physics.Why I am elaborating on these modern points is to prove that Varahamihira when he reached at the number of energy (which is that of Einstein)was following the scientific methods.And that was not his own,but from the vedic knowledge.Pythagorus lived in Greece from 572-497 BC.Vedic knowledge was several millenniums ancient to that and the attempts of Thibout to bring the astronomical knowledge of India to Greece or Rome seemed very childish to me when I read his book in late seventies.
In Indian astronomy of Paithamahasidhantha we find the sqareroot of time(366days in an year)to be19.14 ,while in other Indian systems it is 19.12(365 days)This means that a particle(earth)takes 365-366 days to complete one revolution around the sun and to change its position from A to B.Since the mean parispanda of a particle is proportionate to the squareroot of time ,this is obtained and this when plotted on a square of sides 18,the karna or diagonal is 19.
When this law was proved by the western world? In Nature vol 311 ,pp 101, (26)in the year 1984,we can find an article which states that the law was discovered by Feynman and Hibbs in 1965.Does this mean that the Astronomical sidhanthaas of yore were borrowing something from scientists in 1965?
If we apply the same logic ,we will find that the proofs for Indian astronomy borrowing from Greek also is of this nature.
Did our ancestors had the insight to understand the measurement of a Dirac particle or a Brownian particle to apply that to earth and its movements?Did they know the macromodels of universe and the micromodels of quantum behaved in the same way?This question requires a lot of study about the concepts of Indian astronomy and a comparative study of modern astrophysics and interdisciplinary study of other Indian sciences including classical music,samkhya,vaishesika ,nyaayadarsanaas etc.

The LCM of the earth,Jupiter,Saturn to complete a revolution round the sun is 60 years.In multiples of the number,60,120,180,240,300,360,these 3 planets come to the same straight line.By 43200 years they come 720 times in conjunction.(In 4320 yrs 72 times)This was known to Indian astronomers who devised 60 yr cycles and a bigger 72 times conjunction cycles for every calculation ,astronomical and musical .square roots of 2 and of 2-1 are akarani according to Indian astronomy .By studying these infinitely nirmeya akarani numbers they postulated a system of infinite dimension or Anantham(a thousandheaded chiliahedron)in which recline the beginningless endless Naadabrahma as Achyutha(that has no death)as poorna (or soonyalike perfection called Zero)poojya . In 1889 G.Thibout did a translation of Panchasidhanthika with the help of Mahamahopadhyaya Sudhakaradwivedi ,published by E.J.Lazaruz and co,in Banarus medical hall press(27).This was when Einstein was a boy of 10 yrs.This book ,I found in the collection of late sri.Nalapat Narayanamenon.
If 19 is the squareroot of time ,that multiplied by its mirrornumber 91 gives1729,the famous taxicab number of sreenivas Ramanujam.The autobiography of Richard Feynman ,Bentam books ,1989(ref 28)has given the integer multiples used by Mayans and he has noticed this multiple of 91 in their astronomical calculations.The venus cycles into 4 divisions,the venus period,the multiple of 91 and 19 yielding a number which is minus one of satyayug a of India are noteworthy.To quote Feynman “I did not figure that one out nor has anyone else”(about 91 and its multiples)
From the two facts above we can actually figure out the reason why the ancients(both Mayan and Indian)were using these for astronomical calculations and for yugaganitham.This fact ,does not mean that they were borrowing anything from Feynman or modern astronomy ,but there are many things we can borrow from their knowledge if we can decipher it properly.
Astronomical texts like Brahmasidhantha and Bhaskareeya ,according to Thibaut are only modified versions of the oldest Paithamahasidhanta.All the astronomical texts have tried to criticize other astronomers in a destructive way.But Varahamihira was an exception.He understood the need for codifying the ancient knowledge of astronomy,and comparing the five theories in existence.This fact shows that he was scientific to the core.He knew the existing 5 sidhanthas and their interrelations and differences and was very accurate in pointing out the merits of each.Historically this very fact makes it a far superior treatise than any other astronomical text,even Aryabhateeya,which deals only with one of the sidhanthas,the suryasidhantha.
Panchasidhanthika ,being a karanagrantha is very scientific as Thibout has pointed out.The chapters on universe,cosmos,astronomical instruments,Jyothishopanishad are particularly interesting to any student of astronomy and history .The 5 sidhanthas dealt with are
1,Paithamahasidhantha
2Vasishtasidhantha
3Romakasidhantha
4Poulisasidhantha
5Suryasidhantha.

The 12th chapter which is the smallest is the oldest Paithamahasidhantha.Chaptrs 3,6,7,18 are Poulisasidhantha.9,10,11,16 ,17 are suryasidhantha.ch 8 is Romakasidhantha and ch 2 is vasishtasidhantha.The other chapters are from these sidhanthas at random and with varahamihiras own theories and comparisons on them.13th chapter Thrilokyasamsthana gives the spherical/elliptical nature of earth ,differences due to akshamsa,the qualities of universe as a gola etc.4th ch which gives thriprasnaadhikaara and vrithamsalambarekhaganitha or spashtadhikara deals with comparison of Romaka,poulisa and suryasidhantha,and 14th advocates constant observation with astronomical instruments to be supplemented to mere mathematical calculations.The Romakasidhantha with 2850 yrs as a yuga ,the anomaly or utkendratha of sun and moon according to suryasidhantha,the anomaly of surya,poulisa,romakasidhantha as a table etc are very scientific according to Thibaut..The method of obtaining it is given from suryasidhantha alone and the values from the others also,showing that he was using the formula of suryasidhantha and not of Poulisa or Romaka.

The 5 sidhanthas.

1.Suryasidhantha
66389 Adimaasa ,1045095 varjithachandradina in 180000 yrs,
180000 is 1/24th of a mahayuga.Thereforeif we multiply the abovesaid numbers with 24 ,and reduce the number of savanadina it would be 1577917800(old suryasidhantham)In modern suryasidhantha it is1577917828.
From this the year is 365 days6 hrs 12 mts 36 sec56 kala for modern suryasidhantha
365 days 6 hrs 12 mt 36 sec for Old suryasidhantha and for poulisasidhantha.
The paramochabramana of moon is 3231 days 23 hrs 42 mts 16 sec.
Modern suryasidhantha has 3232 days 2 hrs 14 mts 53 sec .
The mahayugabramanasamkhya in old suryasidhantha of varahamihira is 488219 while in modern suryasidhantha it is 488219.
The old sidhantha and Aryabhateeya consider 232226 as the bramana of kranthibhedanabindu of moon.Modern suryasidhantha it is 232228.Both modern and ancient suryasidhantha uses 270 kala to find out the greatest akshamsa of moon.
Paramocha of sun in old sidhantha is 80 0
Aryabhata gives 78 0 and modern suryasidhantha as 770 .The parallalax of solar eclipse is not understood by Thibout as he declares in his prologue.
The complete and mean motions of the different planets is given like this.



Old suryasidhantha New suryasidhantha planet
17937000 17937060 Budha/mercury
7022388 7022376 Sukra/venus
2296824 2296832 Chovva/mars
364220 364220 Vyazham/jupiter
146564 146568 Sani/saturn

Only Jupiter is exactly the same in the 2.For Aryabhata it is 364220.venus,mars and Saturn revolutions are same in ancient suryasidhantha,Aryabhata and poulisasidhantha of Bhattolpala.(which shows all of them were using ancient suryasidhantha as their basic text)Mercury and Jupiter have the same value as in Poulisasidhantha.The positions of ucha and manda,the diameter of upachakra of these two points,conjunctions etc are given in detail.The first sloka of 17th ch which deals with Tharagrahasphuteekarana has the word surathrimsa which should be read swara thrimsa according to Thibout and this fact is not given much attention by many commentators .

2Paithamahasidhantham
There are only 5 slokas from this sidhantha in 12th chapter.Thibout says that this is the oldest of the Indian sidhantha which is not influenced by any western sidhantha and it along with Gargasamhithaa,Jyothishavedangam and suryapragnaapthy form a group totally Indian and unalloyed by Greek or Roman ideas.He also says that it is jyothishavedanga itself in the name of Paithamaha.
Paithamahayuga is the famous panchavarsheeyayuga of the Vedas.It has 5 solar years with 366 days,60 solar months,62 grahayogamaasa,67 nakshathramaasa of the moon,and yugadi is Dhanishta where sun and moon meet.The longest day has 18 muhoortha,and shortest has 12 muhoortha.The length of day increase or decrease in equal parts every day.Paithamahasidhantha also speaks of Vyatheepathaniyama and a particular time for starting to count the panchavarshayuga.These two are unique according to Thibaut.
The second sloka says ,reduce 2 from the saka era,and divide the rest with 5.

Other observations Thibout made on Paithamahasidhantha are
,1The Brahmasphutasidhantham of Brahmagupta is different in content from Varahamihira’s paithamahasidhantha.
2The known Brahma(paithamaha)sidhantham as a part of Vishnudharmotharapuraana is a small book in prose.
3.There are 4 Brahmasidhanthas known which include part of vishnudharmothara,part of panchasidhanthika,Brahmaguptha’s sphutasidhantha,and saakalyasidhantha.

3.Romakasidhantham
For Romaka,poulisa,and Vasishtasidhantha we have no other reference Grantha except Varahamihira’s panchasidhanthika.
Thinking that Romakasidhantha and Poulisasidhantha are borrowed from Greek and Rome ,Thibout has given a detailed account of them .We will first see what he has to say about them.
Romakayuga is a lunisolar yuga and have 1050 adimaasa and 16547 thithipralaya in 2850 yrs.Because of adimasa and varjithachandradina of 150,for 19 solar yrs 7 adimaasa and 235 grahayogamaasa are there.He thinks that the Romakayuga is the Meton’s period of Athens who lived in 430 BC.Meton had modified the Greek calender with 235 planetary cnjunctions and 19 yrs.But ,the other things,like a period of 2850(multiplication of 150)ahargana,already past days,total solar years,lunar months saavanadinam and a cyclical yugaganana are totally unknown to Meton.Metonic period is very simple and does not have all these complicated calculations according to Thibout.But then,He assumes that ,the Indian astronomer might have taken the very simple Metonic period(borrowed is the word)and then made it complex by applying all the old Hindu systems of calculations on it!
How did the Romakasidhantha achieve this?
2850 is the Romakayugasankhya.Multiply it with 12 which is the solar month ,add 1050 to get grahayogachandramaasam(1050 adimasam0,then multiply with 30 to get the chandradina.Reduce 16547 thithipralaya to get 1040953 which is the saavana or solar days,
Dividing this with 2850 you get 365 day,5 hrs,5 mts,12 sec.
To get a poornadinasamkhya and to divide with 19 ,Romakasidhantha took 2850 is his explanation.Then he says something more:-Romakavarsha is upto its second ,the ayanavarsha of Hipparchus .The ayanavarsha of Hipparchus was borrowed by Ptolemy and from him Romaka has borrowed .This is the view Thibaut has given.

(Remember the following chronological events .
430 BC The time of Pelaponesian war and the time of Socrates,Plato and Hippocratus when Indian pepper became very common commodity in Greece not as a foodadditive but as a medical ingredient and it was during this time of increased trade with India Meton came up with his partial knowledge theory of what is now called the Metonic period.
334 BC Alexander of Macedon invades Asia on advice of Arisotle his Tutor.In 327 BC he is in North India and but had to abandon his plan of invading Ganges valley because his army is tired and wants to return.Alexander dies in 323 BC and museum of Alexandria was founded by Ptolemy,also a student of Aristotle.
300 BC elements by Greek Euclid.who founded a school in Alexandria.
275 BC Ptolemy 2 and a flourishing museum at Alexandria.(After Alexander and his invasion,only Ptolemy comes up with his astronomical findings.Every contact with India has brought new knowledge to Greece,not otherway round .
272 BC Ptolemy annexes Militus,Phoenicia,maagas and Antiochus.
265 BCArchemedes in Alexandria as a student invent a screw for raising water.
260BC Asoka adopts Budhism
45BC Julian calender of 365 .25 days introduced by Julius Caesar through sosigenes of Alexandria makes January 1 the first day of the year.
7 BC Christ is born.Saturn and Jupiter conjunction in Pisces.stellar flareup of a supernova in sky for 70 days in the spring of 5 BC noted by Chinese and Korean annals.
29 BC Jesus has last supper.Jesus lived only 32 years according to traditional belief which shows the Chinese and Korean chronicles to be true.
AD 40 voyage of Hippalus who says he has discovered the monsoon winds.He arrives at Madras coast.
AD90 periplus of erythrean sea romans break monopoly of arab ships in spicetrade
AD95 aqueducts and public baths appear in in Rome whereas it was there in India from Mohenjadaro times.
AD250 arithmetica of diophanes the first book of algebra appear.
Aug 29 AD 284 the first calender to be adopted by Egyptian coptics and Abyssinians

AD312 constantin see vision in sky of luminous cross with in hoc signo vinces(by this sign thou shall conquer)next yr accepts Christianity
AD320 gupta unify north India after 5 centuries)29
These figures speak for themselves to see from whom who borrowed.

The next observation made by the translator is that the method of finding the mean for sun and moon are different from usual Indian system.75 degree is paramocha of sun ,Without determining the position of the moon,the paramocha position is directly derived from paramocha .The Kendra or center here is the utkendra or anomaly of moon.The revolution of the anomaly is 110 times in 3031 daysor to reach back in the same paramocha position it takes 27 days 13 hrs 18 mts 32 sec and 7 kala
But it isgiven as 27 days 7 hrs 43 mts 6.3 sec.Reducing the mean rekhansa from paramocharekhansa we get suns anomaly.Without giving this rule Romakasidhantha just states the numbers for the equations.The highest known anomaly equation in India is 2 degree 10 mts and 13 sec in suryasidhantha.The value of Romaka is 2 deg 23 mts 23 sec and Ptolemy gives 2 degree 23 mts.
Anomaly measure 15 0 30 45 60 75 90
Anomaly formula
Romaka 34 0 42” 1 0 8’37” 1 0 38’39” 2 0 2’49” 20 17’15” 2.023’23”
Ptolemy nil 1 0 9’ nil 20 1’ nil 2023’

Thibaut in his eagerness to prove the correctness of Ptolemy says that the three numbers given by him are the numbers for the anomaly ,while Romakasidhantha of India without considering the anomaly difference uses indiscriminately the same equation to all places at every 15 degree.He fails to see the accuracy of the Sidhantha in finding the values for every 15 degree (not just 30 degree as Ptolemy)so that any one can see the differene as well as the method of calculation (mathematical precision has to be maintained as well as conveyed to next generation).If such minute details are given by the Indian system and not by the Ptolemian system the more possibilities are that Ptolemy due to his Indian connection has borrowed from India and not vice versa.
The time of revolution of the moon’s node as 6796 days 7 hrs of Romaka and 6796 days and 14 hrs of Ptolemy match well.The highest akshamsa of moon is given as 240,and 270 in 2 slokas while usually in Indian system it is 270.Dwivedi has explained it as the highest and the lowest but Thibaut thinks that it is something which is not correct.21/9as the fraction ,if 9 is the smallest radius should give 280 not 270,as highest akshamsa ,he argues.Then he muses:The same book ,giving different values may confuse us,but they are laws given in different books,different sidhanthas(of different observers in different spacetimes) with comparisons and hence,though we are unable to understand them must be scientific.
The mean diameter of sun and moon is 30’34’and the law to calculate true diameter is given.(from mean diameter and true motion according to Indian astronomy)The highest parallax in Indian astronomy is mean motion for 4 naadi.The law to find parallax is given in detail as in any Indian system.Aharganaganithan is for yavanapuri and position of sun and moon is for ujjain.The difference in rekhansa of these 2 areas is given as in poulisasidhantha,In 3rd ch 34th sloka Varaha gives certain facts about the beginning of Romakayuga which Thibaut says he could not understand.(This will be discussed later)

Colebrrooke and Baodaji thought sreeshena wrote Romakasidhantha.Thibaut thinks that sreeshena has done a commentary on moolaromakasidhantha,The manuscript in India office library of Sphutasidhantha ,of Bombay Govt,and of Banaras college library ,and Berlin Royal library (11th chapter Thanthrapareeksha)has a part which has some important differences.India office Library manuscript mentions Lalasimha while others say Latasimha.in first line.The 5th line speaks of Latasurya.7th line of Berlin manuscript gives Vaasishtaannam jayandikruthapadaan,
Of Banares manuscript Vaasishtaa dwija
Bombay manuscript Vaasishtaad bheda yugadikrithapaataataath.
8th line of Bombay ,Banarus manuscripts Paridhipaathaspashteekaranaadyama
9th line Berlin manuscript ethanena griheetwa chandraratnochayaromaka:thatha:kanthaa
Banares manuscript:griheetwa ratnochayaromakakritha:Kantha:
Bombay manuscript :Grihetwaa ranno chaparomakatkritha kantha
Fro m these Thibaut reads the sloka as:-Sreeshena ,vishnucandra,Praduymna,Aryabhata,and Lata,and S imha did discussions on subjects like eclipses,and from these discussions their ignorance I s seen.In the first chapter what I said about the criticism of Aryabhata is applicable to the others also with some modifications.But Sreeshena took mean motion of sun and moon,paramocha of moon,kranthibhedanabindu ,mean motion of mars,mercury ,Jupiter,venus,Saturn from Lata,.The past years ,yugabramana from Vasishta,Paramocha ,prakchakra,graha motions and kranthibhedanabind u from Aryabhata.Thus borrowing from various sources and joining them ,he made the diamond mine of Romakasidhantha into a broken old cloth.(kantha).Moolaromakasidhantha is not what is given in Brahmagupta,(which is from sreeshena)and it is as given by Varahamihira and it has not borrowed anything from Aryabhata also according to Thibaut which is a very salient point.
Coming to the first chapter (8,10 sloka for aharganaganitha)of Varahamihira where a time cycle of Romaka is given:Reduce 427 from current sakavarsha when sun has halfset in the Monday of chaithrasuklapaksha.The rest is converted to solar months.Add lunar months passed in the current year.Write the number in 2 places.First place is multiplied by 7 and divided by 228.This adhimaasasankhya is added to solar months and and multiplied by 30 and the already passed thithy added.The number written as 2 places.The first place multiplied by 11 and 514 added.Reduce from the already obtained thithi/This gives the savanna aharganam according to Romakasidhantha.
I did this for 1987 March 16 suklaprathama 1909 chaithram 2nd at sunset of yavanapura and midnight of Indian subcontinent (see page 60 of second edition of Panchasidhanthika NBS Kottayam)30
1909-427 =1482/12=123 balance 6
7X6=42/228=6.19
6.19X30=1857.0+1 thithi That is on 16th it is 1858 thithi.
1+8+5+8=22
2X11=22
514+22=536
536/703=0.71 367/703
1857-0.71=1857.29
This can be written either as
1. 18500000
72000
9.
2. 18000000
570000
2000
9
3. or simply as
1800.00
57.29
which is 27.29 or roughly 28 days more than oldest Paithamahasidhantha
A very important factor is that the value 57.29 is the value of 180/pai.The current value for one rad is almost the same.180/r=57.29578 (57 0 17’44.8”)which is a trigonometric function and describes sin and cos.balancing.Radian23 being an angle subtended by a section of the circumference equal in length to radius ,the radian is such that
2 pai rad =360 degree
pai rad=360/2=180
pai/2 rad=90
1 rad=180/pai=57.17.44.8as given above
The new value is when we take earths circumference as 40000km or 25000mile with average radius of 4000 miles or 6371 Kms.But in Ptolemy and Romaka it is taken as 6973(for equator).which is 602 Kms more than the modern value.Hence the difference .The zero degree is in equator at lanka.24 degree at Ujjain and then the 3rd point is Yavanapuram.We must also understand that the present Greenich as zero line was accepted only after India became a colony of the British and the British understood the importance of having a universal timezone as accepted in India(Lanka being Mesham zero point equator).
What is significant is that 2850 of Romakayuga is derived from Paithamaha which Thibout considers is untouched by the Greek influence.366X5=1830 days in paithamahayuga
366X 7.7868 gives 2850 days.
2850X12=34200 Solar months
Add 1050 Adhimaasa=35250 multiply by 30 to get lunar days of 1057500 minus 16547 thithipralaya to get 1040953
2850X366 =1043100
difference 2147 days or 5.8 yrs
In 19 yrs 5.8/2850X19=0.039
Which is 3 nakshathraavadi /1000.This difference is nullified in 19 yrs.150 such short 19 yr periods 2850 is a number which encompass the Comet of Halley also which is not seen in Metons cycle ,but in Indian cycle.58.50 is the difference for 28500 yrs for mathematical calculation of paithamaha and romaka but that calculated difference is not there in actual practice ,because of the savya apasavya movement of zodiac correcting itself.So the confusion is manmade,and if one goes back to the beejaganitha and compare the various systems ,there is no need to change everytime a difference is noted by a particular astronomer.(which according to the modern quantum mechanics views also can be accountable)
Saka 427 :-The long list of astronomers given to Dr William Hunter by the astronomers of Ujjain (Algebra XXX111 Colebrooke)31 has 2 varahamihiras.The second Varahamihira’s time corresponds to saka 427 while the first was the contemporary of ChandraguptaMourya (During/just after Alexander’s time BC )Alberuni thinks that it is the second Varahamihira who wrote panchasidhanthika.All calculations of varahamihira’s date of birth is based on this.No one ever thinks about the possibility of the first Varahamihira as the author.The period of Latadeva ,the commentator of moolaromakasidhantha is mentioned by Brahmagupta and Varahamihira and he is considered as a remarkable astronomer prior to sreeshena and very scientific.But Thibout fails to see that this Latadeva could be one who lived in Lotal or Lothal ,a very ancient city of India and a good port city connected with seatrade.of Indus people.The date given for him by the Europeans is AD 505 .
.
In India there is a way of calculating a new saakha era according to change in the saakha or clan of the ruling kings.32According to this after chandravansa of yudhishtirasaakha,the 4th saakha last king was Killed by Vikramaditya of Ujjain ,King of Avanthi who ruled for 93 yrs (killed by Saalivaahana king Samudrapaalayogi of Parthaa.)and the 6th saakkha yr started with Saalivaahanasakha of samudrapaalayogi lasted for 372yrs 4months and 27 days.Varahamihira 1 lived during the reign of vikramaditya 1 of Ujjaian.327 BC is Chandragupta’s time.235 AD is the ascension of Salivahana and hence of salivahanasakha beginning.Vikrama saka started 88 yrs before saalivahanasakha.And it represents the Yavana or Alexandrian Abdam .

Things to remember before we proceed
1.The difference between Saalivahanasaka and Christian era is 88
2.We now think that kali era started in BC 3104
3.Alexanders invasion in 327-325 BC.Seleukas as Sandracottus.(ChandraGupta)
From 299 –275 BC Bindusara (samudraGupta)
273-236 BC Asoka (His coronation 269BC)
4.The Salivahana or the sathakarni ruled from 235 BC to 225 AD for 460 yrs in the east and western coasts of India (the samudrapaalayogi saakha)Of these the Gouthamiputhrasathakarni from 70AD to 95 AD was named the thrisamudrathoyapitavaahanan ,and is identified as the Parthian Bhiman Kadphises or Kundavarman
5.If we take these into consideration ,Asokan’s rule(Vikramaditya saaka ends at 236 BC and the samudrapaalasaakha starts at 236 BC (exactly the time of the sathakarni rule.But ,Here it is said that the saaka ruled only 372 yrs while Indian history tells us they ruled till 225 AD for 460 yrs.
The discrepancy is not one of yrs,but one of starting a new era.
Count from 236 BC +373 yrs of Samudrapaalasaakha we get (373-236= AD 1 37)AD 137+88 is AD 225 which Indian historians has accepted .

6.Why was 88 added?
Because that is the difference between the Christian era and the Saalivahana era .and the difference between the Vikrama and Salivahana era also
7.This is Christian era 2007.
Saka 1929 .Then the difference is only 78.Not 88.Then why add 10 yrs more?
8.Kali yudhishtirasaaka year at present is 3104+2007=5111
But that began ,during reign of Pareekshith when he did the sapthaha the Mahabharatha was retold by Vaisampayana,and the actual deluge occurred 88 years back at the end of Dwaraka in a deluge and death Of Krishna ,in the first year of Yudhishtira reign.
The difference of 78 and 88 is 10.The correction of 10 yrs .That is ,the correct value of the deluge is in 3114 August 11th as given in the records of Ukathan ,and in India also this was calculated in the same way,but due to the habit of making a new era for a prominent king,and thus changing the years ,so that lay man lost track of it ,but astronomers didn’t loose track (like Varahamihira).

Krishna and his Dwaraka were lost to us in deluge in BC . 3114 August 11 th in a sraavana month (still we celebrate it as Onam) This +2007 makes it 5 1 21 years not 5111 yrs .Kali entered earth 5121 years with Krishna’s death and the deluge
All these complicated looking but simple history of astronomy also provides us with the fact that Meton when he got partial information was not aware of the science behind astronomical and astrophysical theories.Not even Ptolemy had understood it except partially as the table shows .Romakapura is not Rome but Romakapura is said to be in the Americas and the exact longitude is given in Panchasidhanthika .That was the abode of the sculpture Maya(also designated asYavana)the father of Mandodari,consort of the great Ravana of Lanka.The intercontinental and searoute connections of India and the evidence of it in astronomical texts like Panchasidhanthika should not be slighted because it will provide several clues to the evolution of human thought on earth and its globalisation without power politics.but through friendly trade relations.
4.Poulisasidhantham
Poulisasidhantha is not understood properly by Thibaut as he tells us.The important points are the sidhantha use rithusapthanavabhaktha and thririthu (976 and 36 are to be reversed )use 3031 as divisor as Romakasidhantha,but most of the rules in this are the same as the Tamilspeaking south Indian people in Deccan who use vakyam or vararuchivakyam for mathematicam nemonics.There are 4 periods in it.Devamsam is 248 days in which 9 revolutions of moons epicycle happen.3031 days is kaalaneelam and has 110 revolutions.raasagharika has to be multiplied to get veda which is 1600984 days Divide ahargana by 12372 ,balance is divided by 3031.the balance with 248.The balance with moons true place and daily motion for 248 days are computed and used.This is called chandravakyam dhoomravaahanam according to Warren.
The second varahamihira was the son of Vararuchi and was called Narayanathu Branthan by local kerala tradition because of his experiment on geodesic using rocks of different sizes to be thrown down a steep mountain at Pattamby (Rayiramangalam).The period of Ad 505 is that of Narayanathu Branthan or varahamihira second who was a favourite of Gupta king and a contemporary of Aryabhata.
The law to find the position of sun is the same as Romakasidhantha.In this also for 30 degree only anomalies are given as Ptolemy without the general equation to find it out.Instead of starting from the mandocha the degrees of anomalies start from Mesha 1,and this point is specifically noted by Thibaut(which is an Indian way of having Lamka as Mesham I degree)The paramocharekhansa is 80 degree which also conforms to south Indian and Lankan position to the poles.The highest rekhansa for moon is 270 but when total lunar eclipse is calculated the rekhansa of moon is 240,which is seen in Romakasidhantha also.Thibaut thinks Poulisa is ancient than Romaka and suryasidhantha and he hasn’t given any common mathematical rule for astronomical calculations but just states the formulae for them.Mean diameter of moon is 34’ and that of chaaya is 76’ in 6th chapter but in 7th chapter poulisa gives entirely different values.
7th ch first sloka is for calculating parallax of rekhansa but nothing for parallax of akshamsa.The most interesting part of Poulisasidhantha according to Thibout is the longitude difference between Yavanapuram,ujjain and kasi.Table of vrithaamsalambarekha given in 4th ch seems to be common for all the sidhanthas.This table divides radius into 120 parts,and each of 120 parts into 60 each(total 7200).After observing this very important factor,Thibout fails to see that it is the way the vedic astronomy of Rgveda,the vedic musicology of saamaveda,the yoga science of Pathanjali divide cosmos,musical repertoire,and the biological physical body with its naadi (interdisciplinary Indian system).He says that it is the Greek style borrowed from Greek astronomers.But wherein Greek system is such an interdisciplinary approach found?Since this is found in Rgveda,does Thibout think that Rgveda also is borrowed from Greek?Ptolemy divide radius into 60 parts ,not 120 parts ,and the values of vrithamsalambarekha used by him are the same as that of the Indian system.When Ptolemy makes the 120 parts of vyasa into mts and seconds Poulisasidhantha and panchasidhanthika divides 60 parts thus.(Thibout is confused just like Ptolemy over this division.)That simply shows that Ptolemy had borrowed from India and the tables and the numbers for the jya added just as the half of the angles and their vrithamsalabrekha.(The vice versa as Thibout suggested can never happen from these facts)Recently I read a book by Subhash Kak31,on astronomical code of Rgveda which shows circumstantial evidence of how scientific and vedic was Varahamihia’s knowledge as I had explained in my commentary to his text..
The Poulisasidhantha known to Bhattolpala,Pridhoodakaswamy and the facts collected from these two by Colebroke are the other sources which Thibout has.The poulisasidhanthum of these sources obey the rules of suryasidhantha and Aryabhateeya,and is different from the ancient poulisasidhantha of varahamihira which is more ancient.

5.vasishtasidhantha.
Only very little is said about vasishtasidhantha in panchasidhanthika because it is very ancient.The latter half of second ch is vasishtasidhantha.It gives a rule to calculate the length of day at any time.The laws have similarity to both poulisa and paithamaha.
Vasishta ,instead of using stellar mathematics ,divide the sphere into rasi,mt,second,the spherical geometry.Vasishta knows lagna as the point which rises in the east at a specific time/event.This is a very important point.
The latitude and longitude of certin stars (sandhinakshathra)are given as a table.Wittney suggests that this is done by converting numbers into polar longitudes(dhruvarekhansa) and latitudes(vikshepa)which is the Indian style.Thibout says it is not clear why only 7 stars are given.Look at the table below.
Panchasidhanthika Suryasidhantham
star Position in starclusters dhruvarekhansa vikshepa Position in starclusters dhruvarekhansa vikshepa
1 karthika (pleides) 6 0 32 0 40’ 3 0 10’N 100 50’ 370 30’ 5 o N
2Rohini Aldeberan 8 0 48 0 4 o 59 ‘S 9 0 30’ 49 0 30’ 5 0 S
3.punarvasu Pollux 8 0 88 0 7015’NS 13 0 93 0 6 O N
4.PUSHYAM 4 0 97 0 20’ 3 0 10 N 12 040’ 106 0 0
5Ayilyam 1 0 107 0 40 ‘ 54 0 SN 2 0 20’ 109 0 7 0 S
6.Makham 6 0 126 0 0 9 0 129 0 0
7 chithra 7 0 30’ 180 0 50’ 2 0 43 ‘S 6 0 40’ 180 0 2 0S


Range
Panchasidhanthika position 1 to 8 degree (Ayilyam to Punartham)
Polar longitude 32 to 180 degree (karthika to chithra)difference of 158 degree
Polar latitude difference of 57 degree. ‘(between 3 degree N and 54 S )chithra and ayilyam
Suryasidhantha
Position 2.20 to 10 .50(ayilyam to Karthika)8 degree 30’
Polar longitude 142.30 (between 37.30 and 180)between karthika and chithra
Polar latitude 7 degree S to 5 degree N (ayilyam and karthika)is 12 degree.
Suryasidhantha has zero at pushya (Karkitaka 93 degree 20 mt from Mesha zero at Lanka.)and Panchasidhanthika at Makham(Simha rasi 120 degree from Mesham zero)
Why Varaha took these nakshathra and was he deviating from vedic calibration of calender?There are certain stars which are prominent in winter nights and others in summer nights for calibration of a star calender.The most preferred and the most ancient method was to look for the first and last appearance of Krithika(pleides)in India called the 7 sisters and mother Goddess saraswathy ,and in other cultures as kabirim .In India karthika has the same role of yasoda(foster mother)to Krishna to subramanya,son of sivaparvathy.
The second was by looking at the heliacal rising of sunaka ,the double dogstars for the seasons to come,and it is a saamaveda tradition of rishy Dalbia in chandogya Upanishad.Any year which starts from heliacal rising of Sirius or dogstar was reckoned.Now alpha ursae minoris is pole star or polaris and precision was calculated by looking at saptharshi in relation to pole star.In 3000 BC it was betae ursa minoris and in CE 14000 it will be vega,Equinox and solstices shift with respect to background stars.The equinox move in opposite direction to the yrly course of sun.Suns position in among vernal equinox stars was an indication for vedic Indian for the state of precessional cycle,The equinocal sun occupy each zodiacal constellation for 2200 yrs.Around 5000 BCE it was in Gemini.Now in Pisces.In each nakshathra sun spends roughly 1000 yrs.The lunar calendar starts with krithika where the spring equinox was situated during Atharvaveda period.The 13 and half nakshathras from there to visakha are devanakshathras in north hemisphere,and the rest upto bharani are yamanakshathras in the southern sphere.yama is a twin star.Maithrayaniya brahmana refers to winter solstice at beginning of sravishta and summer solstice at midpoint of Makha.vedangajyothisha was at beginning of sravishta and midpoint of aslesha.or ayilyam.Visakha and karthika are 180 degree apart ,Makham and dhanishta are 180 degree apart,Chithra and Aswini are 180 degree apart ,Ayilyam and Thiruvonam are 180 degree apart.Punarvasu and Uthraashadam are 180 degree apart and one is positive ,the other negative(sin cosine function trigonometrically)and if one knows the sin one knows the cosine and balances them and hence these vedic references and the different observations of different scientists(astronomers of the time)are explained by Varahamihira in a unifying way just as any modern astrophysicists would attempt to do.To look for elementary mathematics in a postgraduate text was what Thibout was doing in Varahamihiras text and that explains the comment that Varahamihira doesn’t speak of the Ptolemian or the early Greek sidhantha and hence he doesn’t know it and he knows only the unscientific almanac making etc etc.

Position ayilyam /karthika Panchasidhanthika
8 .0 30’ Suryasidhantha
8 0
Polar longitude difference
Karthika/chithra 158 0 142.030
Polar latitude difference
Chithra/ayilyam 3 0 N and 54 0 S
57 0 Ayilyam /karthika
12 0
Suryasidhantha takes karthika in all the 3 measurements as one of the factors of measurement in true conformity with the vedic Krithika ayanamsa.Position and longitude difference between Panchasidhanthika and suryasidhantha is 30 mts and 16 o 30mmts respectively.That is the place of calculation is only 16 degree different for these two systems on same longitude.But the latitude is different.For Varahamihira it is between 3 degree North and 57 degree south.(chithra and Ayilyam)and karthika in North latitude is represented by chithra at 2 degree 43 mts south latitude ,whereas suryasidhantha sticks on to the old 3 0 10 mts karthika position.Makha and Pushya with difference of 24 degree (23 degree+mts between them allowed )is taken as zero point by the 2 systems.Which is for the declination of earths axis.So in reality both are having no difference of opinion in methods but the observational changes from 2 different latitudes.One from a very south one,the other from an equatorial (3 degree N ).57 degree is the difference between these two latitudes if both systems are taken together.
This is just a trigonometric function of sine cosine.
2 pai rad=360
pai rad =180
pai/2 rad =90
1 rad=180/r=57 0(roughly)
Actual is 57 0 17’44.8sec
Thibout has not understood this while he wrote the commentary.And so he says why these 7 stars alone and it may be because the book is incomplete or because of inadequacies of the Indian astronomical system itself.
The preface of Thibout then says just before giving rules for the rising of Canopus(Agastya)are 2 sets of rules given in text.The first set is for calculating the heliacal rising of planets in one ahargana.venus,Jupiter,Saturn ,mars,and nercury are given .The second set of rules is to calculate the sidereal motion of these planets sideareal revolutions and the poornagrahayoga are then compared for each.The rule for mahayuga are related to this calculation ,he rightly observes.Upto this he says he could comprehend.
The true position and true motion of planets and stars are given from the apparent motion and position calculated so far,and Thibout cannot explain them.He says the exact translation of dwivedi is without understanding the significance of the rules.He could not comprehend the rules for mars,Jupiter and especially for Mercury,he says.In 42-53 slokas of 18th ch it is said that mercury because of his position near the ecliptic of a strong planet (sun)has some special rules for determining its motion and position.But it is not comprehendable to Thibout,he himself says in his preface,.This is something which attracted my attention when I read the book .The book was translated when Einstein was a child of 10.And The rule for Mercury was first discovered by him when he explained the Theory of relativity.The sheer beauty of that thought made me delve deep into the subject .Varahamihira was a scientist ,not a almanac maker,almanac making is only a part of Astronomy ,and this is very clear from the text of Panchasidhanthika and its scientific outlook.But ,I feel many of the past as well as present historians,astronomers have not paid much attention to him or to his books.The rules for planets are given from both vasishtasidhantha and poulisasidhantha and a comparison given ,so that the comparative planetology was known to him is very clear.

Now,coming to the interpretation of the observations as given by Thibout:-There is a preformed notion in him that Hindus could not have done these prior to Greeks and he mentions this several times in his commentary which seems very absurd from a scientist/objective analyzer.The knowledge of planetary motion,length of day,structure of universe etc are illusionary and incomplete for the Hindu astronomers ,he says. Because the panchavarsheeyayuga adds saka 2 to it,he even thinks that the Paithamahayuga(which he himself says is ancient as vedangajyothisha or even before that)is written in saka year 2.He says the lunar calendar of India is unique in that it is seen nowhere else in the world and it was very much evolved during panchasidhanthika.These 2 opinions do not conform.He doesn’t give Vasishtasidhantha and Paithamahasidhantha much credit because he thinks they are anterior to Greek systems and hence totally unscientific.The other 3 sidhantha(poulisa,Romaka,and surya)are scientific but they are totally under the influence of Greek science.(according to him)But he cant understand why suryasidhantha does not agree many findings of Romaka and Poulisa.The kalpayuga of Suryasidhantha is conventionally Indian .Romaka has a definite lunisolar yuga and he didn’t know any other planetary position or comparative planatology,and accepts Ptolemy’s geocentric calculations verbatim so that it is the only scientific theory which knows Ptolemy’s modifications ,he argues.Varahamihira was totally unaware of Ptolemy and the science of the Greeks according to Thibout.The vasanthasamarathra was in aslesha ,and its position in Punarvasu in his time means nothing to him,Thibout conjuctures.He didn’t know anything about ayana change or of revolution of Khagola,Thibout says.What a discovery.Just before this sentence ,he had been dealing with the rules of planetary revolutions and ayanamsa as known to varahamihira and then suddenly switches on to say that varaha didn’t know anything of these.The very fact that none of the old Indian sidhanthas accepted the geocentric Ptolemian science and were very sure about motion of planets around the sun shows that they knew true principles of astronomy and mathematics while ,Ptolemy was repeating what was taught to him as a beginner ,by the teachers of Sind .When you first start learning astronomy ,you have to learn the geocentric universe,observe it and make your own calculations.Only then you proceed to next stage.Ptolemy was in the junior kindergarten stage as far as the Indian teachers were concerned..And every other astronomer in India knew it.The words Yavanapura and Romaka are due to similarity in pronounciation and due to common habit of calling the Greek the yavana ,have made some confusion.(Thibout has this confusion from Wittney )For India,Yavanapuram was not Greece alone.The Assyrian,Babylonian,Egyptian also were yavanas.The word Romaka does not mean Rome,but Roanake island and Romakapuram or Atlantean islands which according to all Indian scriptures is the abode of Maya ,the great architect and the father of Mandodari,Ravana’s consort.Lanka and Atlantic Romakapura had connections from antiquity. (Athalam of Indian scriptures is the modern Atlantic)
Thibout categorically rejects the idea that the Indians (including varahamihira)knew anything about the scientific astronomy of Greece after Ptolemy ,and not even the astronomy of the syntaxis which is very different.At the same time he says they have borrowed from Greece and Rome.Then he adds ,since we don’t know anything about the astronomy before Ptolemy in Greece ,it is difficult to form a definite opinion but he will give some hints.
1.Lunisolar rules were first described by Hipparchus and Ptolemy accepted them verbatim and said that they were his own discovery.
2.Any Hindu astronomy text should be placed only between the era of Hipparchus and Ptolemy.
3.Anomaly of apsis,of conjunctions etc if we find in a Hindu text ,we have to assume that it is from Ptolemy ,because Ptolemy claims that he was the first person to discover them.
4.moolaromakasidhantha might have been a purely lunisolar one based on Hipparchus.
5.To make a calender one need only this and hence almanac makers of India borrowed them from Hipparchus and Ptolemy.
6.Rome and its civilization was famous one century before Ptolemy ,so that,we can say Romakasidhantha was one century older to Ptolemy.
7.The rules of poulisa may be before Ptolemy.
8.Knowledge of astronomy from Greece came to India not through scientists,but through the crude almanacmakers of Greece.The difficult mathematical calculations were omitted by the Indians since they could not cope with complex maths .!!!!!
9.This explains why even after borrowing from Greece the Indian system is so crude and unscientific and differ from syntaxis.
10.If at all there is an individuality it is for the old suryasidhantha of India.(but as we saw all the sidhantha accept only this individuality and not that of Ptolemy !)
11.Aryabhata was just one another astronomer who followed suryasidhantha and this was known to varahamihira.
12.Lata was younger contemporary of Aryabhata and lived in AD 505 so that Romakasidhantha is before that,since Lata has written a commentary on it.Romakasidhantha is probably in 400AD,
13.In 13th ch varaha states the shape and revolution of earth on its axis as an old concept ,and doesn’t say that it is the discovery of Aryabhata.It is there in all the 5 sidhanthas described by varahamihira.
14 Then why was Aryabhata so famous remains a question.
15.In suryasidhantha Revathy yogathara is zero longitude and Aswathy one degree mesha.Since it was in 572 AD in vasanthasamarathra Hindu astronomy is only that much old.(He just forgets a cyclical system in which the combination comes again and again for several yugas in long periods)That is why varaha gives piscium zero degree longitude.Aryabhata is silent on this.For Greece Mesha one was vasanthasamarathra and not a fixed point for zero.
Without any commentary on these hints which he gives one can understand that there are lots and lots of ambiguities in Thibout’s views.Still they are being perpetuated by our text books,our media,teachers,books and even by Internet sources without proper research or thought into the whole process.

The quote from33 Wikipedia is given here as an example.:
Western influences
The Romaka Siddhanta ("Doctrine of the Romans") and the Paulisa Siddhanta ("Doctrine of Paul") were two works of Western origin which influenced Varahamihira's thought.
A comment in the Brihat-Samhita by Varahamihira says: "The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others....." ("mleccha hi yavanah tesu samyak shastram kdamsthitam/ rsivat te 'p i pujyante kim punar daivavid dvijah" (Brihat-Samhita 2.15)). The concept that Varahamihira was influenced by Greek was first introduced by European enthusiasts including G. Thibaut who attempted a translation and commentary of Panchasidhanthika with the help of Sudhakara dwivedi, and this book came out in 1889 (while Einstein was a child of 10). The yavana in Varahamihira includes a broad term, including the people of Romakapura and Kethumala (modern Guatemala, and central Americas) and Chethumal bay. The calculations he gives were unknown to Greeks or to the Europeans. He gives the rule of variable hypotenuse for theorising relativity principle and uses Fibonnacci series, Gregory/Neelkantha/Madhava series and the modern Euler's concept in his calculations and these can be traced up to the time of vedic mathematics. The keplers and Newtons law and the energy number of Einstein were known to him,. and all these are done with least complicated mathematics for common people and a very complex mathematics for the initiated one. The waterclock which he describes is totally different from the Greek water clock, and uses the principle of Archemedes (before Archemedes was born). Dr Suvarna Nalapat has dealt with this book and its importance in her book, Rediscovery of India
through Varahamihirante panchasidhanthika. (NBS Kottayam. first ed 1991 October, second ed 2000 January33) Some important trigonometric results attributed to Varahamihira




(See UGC India Science vol 292 .No 5514 pp27(2001)(ref34 )Sanctioned Jyothisha also.This trigonometric formula,computation of sin tables with accuracy using new interpolation methods,problem of computing by Pascals triangle for finding binomial coefficients,and magic squares (pentagonal)of order 4 in his work are mentioned in that reference)

citation for Einstein and Archemedes.
The rule of Mercury ,I have already mentioned in the abovementioned article for the Citation of Einstein and his laws.The citation for Archemedes remains.Ch 14 sloka 31 and 32 describes the ghateeyanthra or waterclock .
Make a half kumbha(vessel)with Thamra metal so that it is very very thin and make a small sushira or hole with a metal needle so that ,if put in a vessel with water,the water drops enter from bottom ,and fill the small vessel and sink it.The thinness of the vessel and the size of the hole should be such that ,60 times of sinking the vessel is a naadika.It is also the time taken to read 60 slokas with 60 aksharamaathra and is related to a man’s praana or breathing.1/60 parts of water enter the vessel in one naadika.Thus the ghateeyanthra connects praana(breathing and yogasasthra),chandas(musical)and Archemedes principle to Astronomical measure of time and the making of such an equipment needs some special skill in mettulurgy and knowledge in mathematics.This waterclock is also described by Vyasa in Bhaagavathapuraana(ref 35) which is written in /or brfore 3104 BC.Thibout says Syntaxis is related to astronomy ,music ,grammer etc of Greece and such relation is not there for Indian scince of astronomy ,but this sloka is on the contrary showing a very very interdisciplinary approach more advanced than syntaxis ,because the grammer,chanda and music of Indian Sanskrit were more advanced than Greek.The samaveda concept and yoga concept of the east had nothing in parlance in the west and a science using an interdisciplinary approach like that was not there in Greece ,as well shown by Archemedes and his discovery which happened in say,500 BC.But,veda and the science of astronomy were more anterior to that .And varaha was just describing the instruments used for astronomical observations ,not saying that they are his inventions.Whatever he says does not belong to his period but to ancient period.In Bhaaghavathapuraaanam also the making of Ghateeyanthra is given just as given by Varahamihira.Hence the process of floatation and sinking a ship was there just as the Archemedes principle in this ghateeyanthram in seafaring people of India who made use of the monsoon trade routes(Ref Mooshakavansakaavya)36.It was this which attracted the Greece and Roman and later on Portuguese ,and British.It was not the other way round.Coming here and learning new things ,probably they felt a new impetus and whoever got a scrap of fragmentary knowledge started to say that I invented this ,this,and this.And that continues even now.A water clock of Greece based on floatation principle does not have all these complicated interdisciplinary approach which everyone can verify.It is given in all encyclopedias .(Also refer 37 Innathe amma or today’s mother by Dr Suvarna Nalapat Balasanskrithy kendram Alwaye)



PANCHASIDHANTHIKA(chapterwise)

In ch 1 Karanaavatharam Sloka 2 says the aim of the book is to describe Bheejaganitha which was done by the ancient astronomers of India and which have become extinct and known only to very few during his times.The sphuta is the seed or bheeja which is very subtle ,deep and magnificent.It is not just calculation.But observational data brought under mathematical precision.The differences in observed data,in calculations by different people in different places and different times have to be synthesized and analysed in under scientific methods and only then we ill understand that there is no discrepancy but only relative differences due to relative position,timespace etc.
What is the opinion of Bhaskaraacharya about Bheejaganitham?Bheejaganitha appears like a secret knowledge but it is not secret for the intelligent.Ganitha or calculation is not 6 types,but several types.Bheejaganitha means pure intelligence.
Sloka 3 gives us from where or from whom the 5 sidhanthas originated.In the sacrificial hall of great sage Garga ,Sage Pulisa once heard a discussion on Astronomy between surya and Aruna From what he heard ,he wrote his treatise Poulisasidhantha.(varahamihira does not say that Poulisasidhantha is that of Paul,but of Pulisaacharya.)The important fact is the discussion happened in the sacrificial hall of Gargaacharya,the sage who lived in vedic times and whose view of the universe or multiverses is more beautiful than the most modern cosmologists view.(Which is given in Gargasamhitha).The astronomer Surya had to be born due to a curse of Brahma in Romakapuram,and from there for education of the yavanas of Romakapura,he created Romakasidhantha.Leave alone the rebirth theory ,and just look at the key figure surya who took part in the discussion in Gargya’s assembly of scholars.The same person had to be in a foreign land ,may be due to some trade and commerce or just for the sake of learning and calculating the astronomical data on the other side of the globe,and it was he who did Romakasidhantha.So ,the period of Poulisa/Garga/Romakasidhantha of Surya are not recent.All of them are vedic period treatises but with slight differences of opinion between different scientists as it occurs today also.Vasishta got his theories on astronomy from his father Brahma,during the time of creation,and then he passed it on to his son Paraasara.This is followed by his son sakthy,grandson Parasara,great grandson Vedavyasa and was known from Krithayuga,lasted through Threthayuga(Vasishta being kulaguru of suryavansa)and Dwaparayuga through Garga(kulaguru of yaadava)and vyasa(guru of the kuru dynasty).It is the same as the vedangajyothisha of Brahma or the vedic knowledge carried over millennia to successive generations and is called Paithamahasidhantha since it belongs to Brahma,the pithamaha of vasishta lineage.Surya had given Romakasidhnatha for Romakapura people as an educative process ,and had suryasidhantha for the Bharath people.They are two books by the same person written for two nations or two people according to their knowledge in subject and the relative position in spacetime.Suryasidhantha was modified as modern suryasidhantha during the period of Aryabhata.And this modification had its own questions and doubts to be cleared and Varahamihira’s brilliant account and scientific treatment of astronomical data of all the 5 sidhanthas with comparisons and differences between them shows how scientific a mind he had about the whole process.Sloka 4 tells us the oldest is Paithamahasidhantha of Brahmaa,next in chronology comes Vasishtasidhantha,the son of Brahma,The third one is poulisasidhantha discussed by Surya and Aruna in Gargamuni’s yagna and written by Pulisa who heard it,and finally the Romaka and Suryasidhantha of Surya for Yavanas of Romakapura and for Indians.Poulisasidhantha is a heard treatise,Romakasidhantha is a teaching for the beginners,suryasidhantha is a modern version of vedic knowledge made by surya in India ,and is very accurate.The other two are the basic sidhanthas on which all the sidhanthas of surya ,Romaka,and Poulisa are baed upon.
5th sloka is very informative as it says the bheejaganitha method of secret knowledge which has baffled the minds of Thanthriks is the knowledge of graham Bhanu(Bhanu is sun)and he will discuss it thouroughly.Why Graham?Why did he use such a term instead of a star?Is not sun a star?Did he not know that basic thing?The wordmeaning of graham,in sanskrtit , is one which makes you grasp the movement of another celestial body as a coordinate.It doesn’t have a connotation of English word planet .We have to know the relative and coordinate movements of 9 points in space to understand or grasp the sphutasthithi of a 1`0th point in space.The Sun as a central point ,we have to study the movements of 9 points around it to know its position.Likewise to know a zodiac,one has to depend upon 9 points in space .sloka 6 and 7 gives us a list of topics discussed in the book which includes the directions,spacetime and true position,the measures of geodesics or karna,the periods of the eclipses,the conjunctions of stars and planets for observation from earth,the differences in latitude and longitude ,the zero degree longitude /latitude crossover point and its lamba or 90 degree vertical line,the rise of moon and its samamandala or equal nights,the construction of various astronomical equipments for observation,gnomnic calculations,the arc of the latitude,the other arcs,and the reverse movement which is apparent etc .
Then ,in sloka 8,9,10 he gives a general rule of how to calculate the total number of days elapsed in a particular year.This he gives for easy calculation.
The method given,when I applied to 1987 March 16th (1909 Chaitramaasa 2nd)I got like this.
1909-427=1482/12=123 Remainder 6
7X6=42/228X30=1857+1=1858
Make to 2 positions by adding
1+8+5+8=22
2X11=22
514+22=536
536/703=0.71 367/703
1857-o.71=1857.29
This can be written as
1. 18500000
72000
9
2. 18000000
570000
2000
9
3. 1800
57.29
180/Pai is 57.295878 approximate which is a rad.
This means varahamihira was giving value for a angle subtended by a section of circumference equal in length to the radian,the radian is such that 2 pai rad=360
Pai rad =180
Pai/2 rad=90
I Rad =180/pai=57.29578
Or 57 0 17’44.8”which is the same as the modern value for rad.In other words when the Indian astronomer is counting the number of days in a given epoch he is actually calculating the rad as well.When we say so many days have passed in kaliyuga,it means so many rads have been measured by the solar days and earth .
How do all the sidhanthas conform to Paithamahasidhantha the oldest one in this calculation?
Panchavarsheeyayuga of Paithamaha has 366 days .
366X5=1830days.
2850X366=1043100 instead of 1040953
2850 into 12 solar months =34200 solar months This +adhimaasasankhya =35250X30=1057500 chandradinam
minus thithipralaya 16547=1040953
Difference of 2147 days 0r 5.8yrs.
In 19 yrs 5.8/2850X19=0.039 difference
Which is the 3 starboundary according to Indian concept divided by 1000.This minor difference is due to relativity of different celestial bodies.In the case of earth,moon and sun,the difference is neutralized by itself every 19 X 150 years=2850.You don’t have to add a day or minu s a day from the days elapsed,just watch and modify on the existing data by applying bheeja.
2850 of Romakayuga is thus derived from Paithamahasidhantha,and the 19 of Meton also is from Paithamahasidhantha,or indirectly from the old Romakasidhantha.
7 adhimasa for 228 days is obtained by Romaka by applying the rule,and the fraction 11/703 for making thithi or chandradina to solar days (703 lunar days with 11 varjitha,so that in 1057500 lunar days one get 16547 varjitha)
The same figure 703 is used by Poulisa sidhantha also without giving how they got it.
Why 150?Because it is Raahumaanam and the time for 3 parispanda(change in position)of the dogstar Sirius which was measured as early as the samaveda period in India.
Thus,we know the derivation of the figures used in calculation and how all of them were using the vedic numbers of Paithamahasidhantha .
Sloka 12 gives a rule in which Rithusapthanava plays a role This means 976 in kharoshti.
Sudhakradwivedi gives 976 4334/66389 to get solar and lunar days.With 36389/180000 he gives 13 fractions
½,1/3,3/8,7/19,45/122,97/263,142/388,239/648,859/2329,2819/7635,685/9964,13841/37527,17516/47491(0.5,0.33,0.385,0.36,0.36,0.37,……..)
For lunar days he also gives fractions 63 63379/69673=

63,64,63 10/11,63 141/155,63 292/321,63 433/476,63 12416/13649,63 12849/14125,63 25265/27774
And then compares the figures in soura and Romakasidhantha upto 15th sloka.The souramaasa of Romakasidhantha multiplied by 61 1/59 gives souramaasa of sourasidhantha.
Sourabda of Romakavarsha multiplied by 63 3/59 gves sourabda of sourasidhantha.
Suryasidhantha Romakasidhantha
Solar months 2160000 34200
Adhimasa 66379 1050
chandramaasa 2226379 35250
chandradinam 66791670 1057500
Kshayadinam 1045095 16547
saavanadinam 65946575 1040953
sourabdam 180000 2850
Nakshatradinam 65926575 1043703

Number 5040 which is the LCM of 45 and 112 of Poulisasidhantha .
X 570=2872800(5040X19X30)is 22800 different from 2850000.
In 22800 yrs adhimasam of Romakasidhantha 22800+700=23500

5040X30=151200X2=303400
302400-287280=15120
1800X190=342000
The solar yrs of suryasidhantha/100X190=solar yrs of romakasidhanthaX10
1800X1200=2160000
1800X1900=3420000
1200X1900=2280000
1800X1800=3240000(SAMAMANDALAM)

2160000+3420000=5580000
2280000+3240000=5520000
5580000+5520000=11100000
According to Asthaau vedachakshushi angachandramasaa the naabhasayogasankhya are 8,24,32,32,27,30.The LCM of which is 4320.(2160+2160 as samam)
In Hora varahamihira says the naabhasayoga were converted by the yavana as sama of 600 multiplied by 3.He says that is for easy calculation but the actual is not that simple as the karna or akarani are there to be looked into.The universe is not a square,and its karna are not of the same size as the yavana think he states.In other words he is stating that Indian astronomy is not geometry of the flat earth or the science of mapmaking alone as the yavana have misinterpreted it ,but it is bheejaganitha or pure intellect or science of a higher nature.
Coming to the starmeasures of soura and Romaka,
66379+180000=246379 for sourasidhantha and
1050+2850=3900 for Romakasidhantha
nakshatraparimana of Soura/that of Romaka=63 679/3900
between 63 and 64 the two ganitha become one.For Indian astronomy nakshathraavadhi is 13 0 20’Romaka avoids mts and multiply with 3 to get 39.For 300 stars it is 3900
If we consider the mts also for 300 stars it will become 4200
246379/4200=60.1518 17/21
One sidhantha use 63 679/3900,and another 246379/4200
The quotient is poornabhramana and the rest or balance is nakshatraparimana in both.679,151 etc are for the node or Rahu or the earths orbit used by Indians.
For 2850 yrs the grahayogamasa of romaka is 1175.For Paithamahasidhantha it is 18.95X 62=1174.90 which is equal .






Chapter 2 Panchasidhanthika sloka 1 is not understood by Thibout and Dwivedi alike .Dwivedi says Anena slokena kim saadhayatheethi na gnaayathe.

It says if we multiply 6,8,and 1000 with 4 we get 24,32 and 4000.If we multiply 9,9,8,65 with 10,3, we get ,90,27,80,24,60,18,50,15 respectively and the sum is 364.In Hora,Varahamihira while talking on Parasarahora and the highest point of sun and earth ,speaks of this rule.The first sloka is the raasipramaana of Hora.Multiplying 5,6,7,8,9,10 with 4 ,one gets 20,24,28,32,36,40 which is 180.The alternate numbers 24,32 and 40(X 100)are given in first sloka first line here.Last line gives 36,36,32,24,20.Except 28,all numbers of raasipramana given here.If we draw the raasipramaana as given by varahamihira what we get is the vishamavritha of earth’s orbit around sun.As we know it is the kepler’s law.And the periodicity of the numbers is related to musical rhythms which we will discuss later.
Then Thibout says sloka 2-6 are the rules for determining position of moon accepted by the Indian astronomy and that he could not understand them.
What is measuring longitude and latitude in modern terms?
Meridianal angle between any two points ,from the difference in time at which some celestial body crosses over the celestial respective meridian is measured,( that is ,pass through the celestial meridian) The intersection time of the celestial sphere and extended planes that define meridians.For this we use a star,but not the sun,because of the complication caused by the earth’s orbit or the raasipramaanam just mentioned.Indians used 27/28 stars as ref points.
The rule given is
Ahargana+1936=sum/3031=one ganam
Balance X9/248=one gathy balance padam.
185/gathy and subtract 1/8th of gathy to get kala.Padam X 124 +1/2 of gathi .Subtract result from padam.you get the beforesaid third khanda.
To see padasamgna /124 and get balance padasamgna ,add to the 4 liptha,1/2 bhagana each to each ½ gathi.see both positive and negative values .Reduce 1 from padam.multiply with 5.Add 1094.Reduce from 2414.balance multiplied by balance pada is divided by 63 to get kala.Add the kala to the already obtained mean moon ,you will get the true moon .
The 63 or 64 sometimes used as the last step in this is actually the R or the multiplication for the angle in radian which is nowadays used as 6371 KMs (for computing surface distance)248/9=time for one anomaly rotation which is 27.6.That is why only 27 to 28 stars are calculated.3031 is a gana time for 110 anomaly rotations.27.3X110=3003.0 which is 3031-28
The fractions used for are 1/9 to 247/9.Pada more than 124 is varjitha.When we do the varjana add ½ gathi to gathi.From mandocha to sheeghrocha in 124/9 days ½ gathi movement happens That is in 13.7 days.0r roughly 14. 14 days is half the globe or 180 degree and 4 minutes for moon.For one degree it is 4 mts and so for 180 degree it is 720 mts Varahamihira here says 6 raasi and 4 mts which is exactly this value.(724 mt)In fact different sidhantha take 720 to 729.(divisible by 8,4 and 9 the multiple being8X4=32;8X9=72;9X4=36 ;4X8X9=288 .All these are used by Indians in their astronomical and musical/mathematical compositions)In this way one gola is not 1440 mt but 1448 mt or 360.8’
648000 mt =10800 hrs=450 days=30 lunar months
But 648000mt is 2880mtX7 2/3 times =2880X23/3=960X23
=22080 mt
=368 hrs=15 days 8 hrs.In this way,lunar,solar and earthly time and distance and movement are computed and the values checked with observation or bheejaganitham.
For every 270 degree 6 mts increase makes 60 mts for 2700 degree.
2700 =225 raasi which has a perfect square value
That is 2700 =225 +15 is the pinda when converted to timescale become 2880X7and 2/3
648000 is the unit of time.It when multiplied by 100000000 becomes the units of energy.
This calculation of Varahamihira is for conversion of mass,movement or gathy and energy into each other.
Why 30 and 27?Why 39-40?Because the background radiation or energy comes to us when the universe is 300000 to 400000 yrs old (when the cosmos was permeated with sound waves or the waves with frequencies,or Naadabrahma)and comes to us as red shift as in Thiruvathira or Mars.and has a blackbody temperature of 2.7 degrees The oldest light in universe in a skymap is still 380000 yrs for the modern astronomer but several of such had passed in cyclical kalpa and yuga of ancient astronomers.
In flat geometry it is 73 percent dark energy for moderns and 72 for old astronomers.22 percnt dark matter for both,

We must remember that during Romers time C had a value of 225000 ,which is the value of prathamajeevan or first jya of Indian astronomer X 1000.
If we use E=Mc 2 with M as 720,c as 300000 energy value is 64800000000000
1/9 of 648 is 72.
Indians used 22.5 as well as 30.0 as the value .Einstein used 30 and Romer used 225.22.5 is the shortest distance possible for a satellite of earth and therefore Indian astronomers called it prathamajya or the first jya.
The most important thing is that Varahamihira in this chapter states that the calculations are taken from vasishtasidhantha for computing gnomonic lagna and chaya and for longitude latitude distance and time calculation.And Thibout thinks vasishta has not borrowed anything from the scientific Greeks and he is very unscientific !!!Lunisolar era and earth related clock by exact measurements,the heat of the sunray from a polished brass mirror at noon to measure the power of Agneyaasthra were known to Indians(To Vasishta,to Paithamaha,and to Kashyapamareecha of the vedic period) .When the calculations are given ,we have to correlate them carefully and compute with literary ,sources as well.
Every Indian system knows of the saayana and nirayana of the universe.In one year the saayana is only 0.136,36,36,36……a recurrent decimal which is known to parasara,vyasa,paithamaha,vasishta and suryasidhantha .Since it is 0nly 0.1 and the rest is recurring decimal,it is as good as an inertial nirayana system of coordinates.In ch 3 sloka 12 varaha says that the charanaadika rule is one which is followed from saagara to Himavan,all over India,and even after such statement to say that it is borrowed from Greek is intellectual slavery.The sum of the opposite chararaasi is 704.It is not a rule from Paulinus or any other foreign astronomer.
It is after stating this Indian rule that varaha says in the 13th sloka how to find from this rule the distance from yavanapura and avanthy.Which clearly states he is using an Indian rule of measuring distance on globe and applying it to avanthi and yavanapura.And hence the 7 and 1/3(7.20’) as desantharaghatika of Avanthi and 9 as that of varanasi.
For one degree 4’rate for 7 hrs 20’ or 440 mts the difference from two points is 110 degree.From Avanthi 110 degree distance lie Tula in Mexico and it becomes the yavanapura of Varahamihira.
Sl 15 tells us if the zero degree is Ujjain (,instead of Lanka,)from there to any place X the yojana is to be converted to degree as
3200:360=yojana:X
x=360Xyojana/3200
Being a gola ,the distance between ujjain and X on earth is the karna or radian .The other two sides of the triangle being the parallel drawn between the longitude of ujain and X and the difference between these two places longitudes in yojana.
(Karnam+1)-2=phalam in degrees
phalam/6=Naazhika
Half of this difference in longitude is minus in northern hemisphere and plus in southern (Thibout)
Decrease in poorva (east )and increase in west according to text..
The next sloka deals with the jya .The jya has 800 kala as a starlimit ,varahamihira says.Reduce the longitude of moon from that of sun Then you can see the time of the moon reaching a star according to the ratio of movement of the moon.By the ratio of diference between movement of sun and moon we get the thithi.
Sl 17 gives the monthly movement of sun from chaithram to 6 months and for the next 6 months as different which clearly shows that the ancients knew the orbit of earth not exactly circular but elliptical.
The total thus obtained is 708 according to this calculation.(see the sum of opposite chararasi as 704 in another sidhantha in sl 11 )
Then the vyatheepaatha rule which is given in Paithamahasidhantha , is given according to poulisasidhantha.It is the same rule showing that he had learnt it from the Garga university .
Sl 21 states that when the sun who is very hot starts utharayana ,the suryavritha or the orbit has its orbital bindu or earth in the middle of Ashlesha and at that time the fall happens.And the ayana corrects itself.We don’t have to add anything to make it correct itself.It is a natural phenomenon.At this time,(when he writes the lines)the ayanam is in Punarvasu.
This shows varahamihiras scientific turn of mind but here also Thibout just says that varaha does not seem to know the secret of the precision of equinox.
The rule actually is derived from paithamaha,parasara etc which considers the difference per annum as 0.136,136…..degree.
In 366 days 0.136 difference
To get one degree difference 366/0.136
For 180 =366/0.136X180=484.411
Or 485 which in kharoshti is 584 the venus movement.
484.411ame is 968.822 whereas 485 added to the same is 970.And within these periods 360 degree. Or one complete revolution.By 76 years a man see 960 fullmoons.And this 76 is the timespan of one Dhoomakethu which we now call Halley’s comet.The ansa of Rahu is aharganaX8/151.To this add the full revolutions.A point which moves 8 degee in 151 days takes 6795 days for full revolution.If ahargana is 2850
2850X8X300/151X12=570000/151(57 is the value approximate of one rad in trigonometric function.)
=3741 balance 109
for one rasi 1800kala and 1/8th of it is 225 prathamajeeva or first jya,
In 151 day 225 kala
In 1 day=225/151=1.49+1/151
To 12 rasi or 21600 kala =151/225X21600=14496 days
366X40=14640
14496=(366X40)+144
6796/366=18.1
2850/151=18.8
The number 6796 which Romaka and Ptolemy use is thus related to Paithamaha.
Romer’s time 225000 km /sec used and according to this the E=Mc2 is 225X225X720=36450000
Twice that is 72900000
Which is pindasamkhya(720X100000)and urjasamkhya(900000)
By 8 revolutions of apakramabindu the sayana /nirayana difference is neutralized .In sloka 33 varaha says swavishayabhoothaashtarasairabdai

1,5,8,5 added gives 19.This multiplied by 4 =76 and in 76 yrs pasyyaasya vyatheepaatham or one can see the fall of the comet (from the Thamograha)as a Dhoomakethu (currently called Halley’s comet).
Sloka 35 requires mention because he states about relativity of time here.He says in both smrithy and sruthy time is mentioned as relative and even if scholars quote it,many does not know this

The 30 raasi of Indian is also the light travel of 300000 km per sec which takes 8.8 light mts away sun (as per saayana ) and the distance of moon to earth is 38oooo km to 390000 kms (which is taken as 39-40 in different sidhantha)and 39 also is the dasaamsa of amount of solar energy falling on surface reflected back to space.It is a fraction between 0 to 1 and earth’s is .39 which means 39 % of light is reflected back.Within 1.27 sec light reaches means it is 1.27 lightseconds away which is taken as 120-128 in different sidhantha,and if we say 228 million kms away from earth there is a body ,that body will be 13 light units away.When we fix one star limit as 225-228 ,it is almost the same distance as mars to sun,and is a starlimit and the prathamajeeva or the light reflection during an eclipse.And we know that the Proxima centauri the nearest star is 1.3 parseconds away ,and so the number 13.20’ for a star of Indians is based on the observation and calculation .
Now,you may ask the question ,did Indians have the ability to concentrate the sun’s energy and measure it as the modern people do?The observation of eclipses right from antiquity was done through mirrors.The mirrors used were brass initially very well polished and these were used even to destroy enemy ships at a long distance by the Indian travelers (who are now called Phoenicians)and this was called Agneyaasthra.And Pythagorus had learned that such a thing is possible from the Indians and tried it but could not do it,because in Greece the technical skill of brasswork was not welldeveloped as in India.Especialy in Kerala where the seafaring people were many ,the mirror and its polishing was a craft welldeveloped.Every house had a mirror called a vaalkannadi and the Aranmula kannadi developed due to this ancient practice of seafaring.The stars close to us is measured by the method of distance through parallax.The approximate shift in position of star viewed from earth at least for one year.This was combined with esoteric methods like measuring the moving clusters.The ancients knew the star Rohini(Krishna’s star) in Orion as a supergiant Thiruvathira ,the star of Shiva having a red shift ,just like Mars which also is red ,for comparison,and watched the star Sirius or swaana with its dwarf for one year as seen in Chandogya Upanishad,by Dalbya the vedic rishi,and many other stars as seen in the scriptures. By the light travel time Indians learnt the 33 crores of Deva(shining ones or stars of heaven/sky etymologically,not Gods)Just as the new astronomers do.

Powers of 10 is a shorthand way of referring to very large numbers as well as very small numbers developed by the vedic Indians as all of us know.


Table of comparison of dasaamsa distance
DISTANCE UNIT KM LIGHT TRAVEL TIME /DEVA SHINING ONES
Light sec 3X10 5 1 sec
Light mts 1.8X10 7 1 mt
Astronomical unit 1.5X10 8 8 mts
Light year 9.5X10 12 1 yr
Par sec 3.1X10 13 3.3 yr
Kilo par sec 3.1X10 16 3.3 thousand yrs
megaparsec 3.1X10 19 3.3 million yrs
Thus 33 crores of shining stars time was calculated and adjusted to that of earth’s time.Powers of 10 allow for easy multiplication and division and powers can be added when multiplying and subtracted when dividing.And with this the ancients found out that the vey large wavelengths and the very small ones are beyond human sensory perceptions and therefore what is seen and known by human intellect is only a very small fraction of what actually is there and thus came the relative theory to them.Astronomy is a humbling pursuit.Our place in the universe is pretty small.We are encapsulated in an image less than a pixe l wide.Within this tiny bit of space a solar system is formed complete with an inventory of different worlds and on one fractional bit of that pixel ,generations of humans have lived and died .That is how large yuga and kalpa are known to Indians .
I would like to describe what Rishi Garga describes in his samhitha.
Gargasamhita says beyond the universe which we know of are several universes of different sizes and one crore yojana above them is 8 cities or pura,and beyond that is viraja,the dustless place and thee we find Goloka which is equal to infinite number of suns emanating lightrays.He states that man who is in a secluded atmosphere of his own universe thinks that it is the only truth .like a fly within a fruit.He says from the dark thamodwara the light flows to either side as brahmarasa and viraja the dark Krishna is dear to Vishnu /Krishna.It is not empty but full of light energy unseen by us.He describes Viraja as a river/sea with foam and bubbles in which Vishnu sleeps and plays.
When we read this and then read the description of a modern astronomer “The socalled empty vacuum is not really empty.What we call real particles are like the froths and bubbles of a sea of vacuum activity…particles are the bubbles and space is the underlying seawater.” What is the diference between old and the new,except the language?One is English,the other Sanskrit.I can only see that difference.
The description of vasishtasamhita is almost alike,but he describes the several universes as the size and shape of Abrus precatorius(of same shape and size)revolving without touching each other,while gargya gives different size(shape is that of fruits and hence spherical and elliptical)like that of different fruit trees.
Ch 4 is the karanaadhyaya which gives the mathematical functions in detail.It starts with squareroot of 1/10th of (pai)2 is diameter.A circle of 360 degree is divided to 4 and then the 1/8th of a rasi(225’)sine or jya is decided.r2 is the dhruva(pole)1/4th of it is Meshajya.Jya is lambarekha of latitude.
To see the other jyas take jyavarga (which jya you want,that chaapa or jyavarga)Reduce it from 1/4th of the circle.R is reduced by the jya of the balance.Varga of .half of this reduced R is added the varga of the first chapavarga s half ‘s varga.
The squareroot of this is the required jya.From the fixed varga minus the jya and the varga of balance is kotijya(cosine)Half of sthiravarga is 45 and it is varga of 1 and a ½.The R of 3 raasi is seen and from it the varga of the needed chaapa subtracted and balance is multiplied with 600.This varga is reduced from the varga of R to get varga of cosine.
From the 2 dimensional Cartesian coordinates and orthogonal axis and a rectilinear rectangular system Varahamihira leads us to a much much higher trigonometric functions of sine cosine and to spheroidal/ellipsoidal/geodesic or geoid relativistic astrophysics and to energy value calculations.Relativity observed at different levels at different sites is a matter of geodesy .But varahamihira is concerned not only with the measurement of earth’s surface as the Greeks in early period of their astronomic history but also of the measurement of the universe or multiverses on the same law but on different dimensions.
We must remember that only in 1600 after British came to India and learnt astronomy from Indians the Greenitch observatory came into being ,not before that,though they speak of so many Greek astronomers,and in 1884 only Greenich accepted the 15 degree steps of longitude and 24 hour one hour timezones(5 yrs after that came the translation of Thibout on Varahamihira)and UT or universal time was accepted after review only in 1972.But India had all these, based on a universal time at zero point as Lanka.And from vedic times.Every other sidhantha know this and accepts this and the calculations are based on it and the minimum of 27 star clusters as the fixed environment against which we study movements and comparative planetology .(Comparative planetology means using earth as a benchmark against which we compare other planets ,celestial objects .Among planets Mars the red planet –chevvay means the red one is having a old tormented past and venus is more like earth as a twin of it and the various time periods for each of them to revolve around sun etc)
In a flat square map a whole worldmap is constructed spanning 36 cm by 72 cms and this projection is centered at Lanka for Indians .(Now at Greenich)The scale 1:300000000 at equator was used at least 7500 BC onwards ,which is the Mehrgarh period with Lanka a t equator as center
I cm on map is 3000 km on earth.
Pa or Paridhi (now called pai )as a transcendental number was calculated earlier than the vedic/sulbasuthra periods.It is irrational as it cannot be expressed as the quotient of 2 integers,
Pai=4(1-1/3+1/5-1/7+1/9….)=3.141592653590.It is transcendental because it is not the solution of any polynomial equation of finite length that has only integer coefficients and integer powers of variables.There had been several discrepancies historically in pai and its calculation ,some of them are given below.
3 roughly.
Paridyanayanam as the old method vyasavargaadhasagunaath padam paridhirithi
If vyasavarga is 3,multiplies by 10 and the square of 30 which is 900 is made into 1/10th to get 90.squareroot of 90 or squareroot of 9X10 =3 squareroot of 10.
According to vyasebhanandagnihathe vibhakthe
VyasaX 3927/1250 is the sookshmaparidhi and vyasaX 22/7 is the sthoolaparidhi.
By this method
Chathuradhikam satham ashtagunam
Dwa shashtisthathaa sahasraanaam
Ayuthadwayavishkambasyaa-
Sanno vrithaparinaaha.
If 104X8=832+62000 vyasa 2000,
Pa=vyasaX 62832 /20000=62832/20000 with 16 ,3927.1250
3927/1250=3 and 1777/1250 go on doing it to get 3+1/7+11/177
11/177=1/16 avoid it.Then pa/vya=3+1/7=22/7 which is only a gross measure IF YOU DO NOT AVOID THE FRACTION ,it becomes 3 and 16/113=355/113=3.14159292(Bhaskaraccharya)Leelavathy of Bhaskara gives this.The same is given here by Varaha in another way.Aryabhata also gave it in a different way in the form of a question,If the king traveled 80 yojana and in 7 nights reached the city of enemy .and if in the first day 2 yojana is traveled every day how much yojanas he traveled ?
First day =2
Dhanam=80
Total time =7 nights
Answer=3 and 1/7 or 22/7 because 1st day 2,2nd day 5 and 1/7,3rd day 8 and 2/7,4th day 11 and 3/7,5th 14 and 4/7,6th 17 and 5/7,7th day 20 and 6/7
So that 2+5+8+11+14+17+20=77 +3=gives 80.To travel a circle of 22/7 once for 80 yojana means it has to be at the equator.Because 80X 40=3200 for equator.And as I have proved at different occasions the 22/7 is the sruthy/swara of naadabrahma.
The text then gives the jya,and the computed arc ,for 90 degree from mesha to end of Mithuna.
90 degree if divided to 12 equal parts give one is 45’.since there are 480 parts in a circle the total is 21600 ‘ or 1296000 sec.
The relation to mass or bhoopinda for time is thus 72X4X79.41 OR 80 ROUGHLY.
=2287008
2280 is when we take the varga of 19,as 570.
The other values given by different people at different periods are
256/81=3.1604938
25/8=3.125
157/50=3.14
22/7=3.142857
355/113=3.1415929
squareroot of 10=3.1622777

In India all these were studied but before vedic period itself we had settled for a 22/7 value.Because it is also the transcendental paridhi of the eternal naadabrahma expressd with 22 sruthi and 7 swara.
10based decimal system of India gave us logarithmic calculations which are easy with decimals.
Projection means a map.but it also means to shine a light from inside a transparent globe,say ,the sun.And catch the cast image on a piece of paper flat against the surface of the sphere,or reflecting light onto a polished mirror ,concentrate it onto a paper so that it catch fire and burn.
Projection on to a plane is azhimuthal.Onto a cylinder or cone –cylindrical/conical projections.Plane share a single central point with globe.Azhimuthal aspect is at poles .Simple aspect for cylindrical contact with equator is the equatorial aspect .Cone is the contact with some other parallel.So we can make orthographic azhimuthal projection at poles,gnomonic central azhimuthal projections at simple aspect.Varaha is mentioning all these types of projections with his calculations ..He was very thourough not only with measurements of earth but also with that of comparative planetology and stellar maps
We know that Euclids theorem stated that the angle subtended at the center by any chord of a circle is twice the angle subtended at any point on circumference by the chord.Varaha knew that making the rays parellel and all impacting our mapping surface at right angles we can get an orthographic azhimuthal projection.At 45 degree the gnomonic map of varahamihira reaches the same diameter as the orthographic map.And to 45 degree latitude it provides a seasonal map.
A lobe fitting into a cylinder the contact line can be any great circle and the projection plane will be in the plane of the contact line.(Now probably you know why Pythagorus wanted to make such a symbol in his tomb).The cylinder makes contact simultaneously with opposite sides of the globe especially at the equator ,and hence,Lanka is ideal,than Greenich or Greece for it.You can just rotate the diagram clockwise to 90 degree without loosing the magicality of the diagram.(like the magic squares of Ramanujam)
A compound projection of acircle of radius R ,sphere of radius R,and a cone of base radius R and into which the cylinder fits in makes the beautiful formula of balance of the srichakra /ashtadalapadma.
A process of mathematical analysis that for a given function derives a second function .Certain functions have a limit Zero .Several mathematical functions have the limit and are differentiable ,a common example being e X if e=2.718
If X is 10,the dasamsa position is lost.The equidistant ,equal area,conformal attributes are mutually exclusive of the other.A 4th ,the loxodrome ,lines on a map have consistent azhimuthal bearing which is of vital importance to ocean navigation .It is a subset of conformality .And the navigators map based on pole star or dhruva in India developed for this purpose.Till medieval times these maps were used .(The first projection called Mercator projection in the west was made in 1569 ,(before that Etz laub in 1511)and immeadiately the name was given to him,forgetting al the maps used till then by the ancients.The habit of giving the European discoverers name to ancient knowledge is always there right from early Greek people.)Even now flights use loxodromes to fly along parallels with length of 8000 kms .The great circle routes by direct flights cross 70 degree parellel or nearly 7000 km)

Comparison of scales on map and Globe

Length along meridian on map/the same along globe=length along parellel on map/same on globe

Length along meridian on map/length along parellel on map=length along meridian on globe/length along parellel on globe.

The variable hypotenuse or the changing kalaakarna of Indians clearly show that they knew the hypotenuse is always different due to the movement of celestial objects and their orbits.Wherever there is gathi or movement,there we get kalaakarna ,and wherever we find kalaakarna there would be gathi or movement,they state.The shutakarna was called a kakshya or orbit which shows they knew the laws of Kepler and Newton very well.Wherever the karna increase there the bimba or mass of the object is seen reduced or in apachaya and vice versa wherever the karna decrease,there the bimba is increased
Yatha yatha karno vardhathe
Thatha thatha bimbam apacheeyathe
Yatha yatha karnohrasethy
Thatha thatha bimbam upacheeyathe ithy.
When distance increase,the gathi or movement decrease and the size of celestial object increase as in sani or Saturn and guru or Jupiter.And vice versa.Simply because paithamaha,vasishta,and the others,including varahamihira knew this rule can we say that they lived after kepler and Newton?


Arithmetic series and arithmetic mean

1+1/1+1/2+1/3+1/4+1/5+1/6+ is an arithmetic series.The value designated e, like pai is transcendental.and irrational.
e= 2.718281828459…….occurs in differentiation and integration naturally.Putting a value x in the exponential series we get the arithmetic mean
e x=1+xi/1i+x2/2i+x3/3i……………….
(where i is a mathematical practical expression)…
Asecantal projection is a straight line intersecting a circle or other curve ,the section between the intersection being a chord.
The geometry and trigonometry of a secant gives several variations for R cos theta.Equidistant cylindrical projection (rectangular,equirectangular,La Carte parallelogramatique)the value was 30,the oldest used by the mariners of Tyre(the socalled Phoenicians)two millennia ago .In 1855 Gall stereographic,isographic used 45,in 1929,Russians used 55,in 1937 B.S.A.M used 35 and in 1953 Edwards used 37.4.For the Tyre people the standard was parellel through Rhodes island about 36 degree North ,giving a lateral shrinkage of 4.5.If we use the 45 version ,the shrinkage factor becomes 0.7071=cos 45 degree.That is from equator to 36 degree (From Lanka to Himalaya )is the value which Varahamihira gave.But he has also given the 55 degree with cos theta 57.36.Because the ancient Indians were familiar with the earth upto the North pole.The kimpurushavarsha and the Chakshushi river and the Siberian and the Norwegian lands were known to Indians and Caldwell has shown how the Norwegian language is the same as that of Dravidian language and Padma Subramanium has pointed out the comparison of the Indian and Russian iconography .The fact that the Tyre people use the same as that of Indians is another proof for my theory that the Phoenicians are Indians from the west coast of India.
The conic projection of Ptolemy which is 2000 years old,is comparable.

The values of Varahamihira for the arc and chord for 90 0 ,from Mesha to Mithuna are given below.There are 24 values computed thus.

Number Chaapa In mts Jya X=1.0000AT 0 0 Y=f(X)
0.0000
1MESHA 3 0 45 225 7.71
2 7 0 30 450 15.40
3 11015 675 23.75
4 150 900 31.4 0.9900 0.1860=O.1240+0.620
5 18045 1125 38.34
6 22030 1350 45.56
7 2605 1575 53.5
8 300 1800 60 0.9600 0.3720=0.3100+0.0620
9 RISHABHA 30045 2025 6.40
10 37030 2250 13.3
11 41015 2475 19.7
12 450 2700 24.51 0.8962 0.5571=0.3720+0.0.613
13 48045 2925 30.13
14 52030 3150 35.13
15 56015 3375 39.46
16 600 3600 43.56 0.7986 0.7346=0.3720+0.577
17 MITHUNA 63045 3824 3.42
18 67060(680) 4050 6.57
19 71015 4500 9.42
20 750 4950 12 0.6732 0.8936=0.3720+0.0501
21 78045 4975 13.47
22 82030 15.4
23 86015 15.49
24 900 16.5 0.5322 1.0000=0.9761+0.0239

Each of these values are from Paithamahasidhantha and other Indian systems .Please note the Rithusapthanava figure at the 90 degree.(which at the end of Mithuna is Punarvasu nakshathra 10 degree and is the Dakshinayana of Sun and as it is said in several scriptures it is the Manthradevatha of Agneyaasthra given by Kasyapa in Rgveda (the only manthra in Rgveda ascribed to Kasyapa,the first forefather is that sloka)on Agni ,from which Agni gets the name Jaathavedas.And in Thanthra texts like Saaradaathilakam this is said to be the form of the devi who is both soumya and Ghora,both loving and creative and destructive if not handled properly.
Why he computed only upto that?Because the rest is just a magic square which can be computed by rotating the figure 90 ,180 and 360 degree.
For a spherical surface the 43 triangles of the srichakra are to be computed and it is more complicated than on a planar map.The triangle with one side on equator and the other on the pole has 2 right angles and the angle equal to the longitudinal space giving a total range of 360 to 540 degree.
Then comes the law of the sines relating all sides and surface angles,the law of cosines for the sides and one surface angle,law of cosines for angles each relating to all surface angles and one side,the law of tangents and thus the spherical geometry for the entire longitude latitude scheme ,and the comparative planetology and study of the fixed star and their measures etc clearly shows that right from the vedic times paithamaga and vasishta including knew the energy or agni of the spheroidal cosmic system with its relativity and generation of light and sound and time which is unending and cyclical.Then where is the argument of Thibout and others?The pure mathematical intellect of Varahamihira is the proof for my argument
Then how this relates to Naadabrahma,the musical knowledge?

The distance from onbe point to another via a cylindrical projection Horizontally 12 and vertically 7 are drawn as below.

0 0
3333 Pai/6
6667 India Pai/3
10000 CA NA Pai/2
13333 SA SAF 2pai/3
16667 Aus 5pai/6
20000 pai
360 330 300 270 240 210 180 150 120 90 60 30

computing the surface distance taking R as 6371 km X 1.1012 =7015 km or 3788 INM see the position of India,Lanka,South Africa and South and central America and their relative distances by oceanic routes ,if using the monsoon winds.
The distance of the cosmic sound waves ,we know has the same periodicity as the light and time .Hence I have given the values of the pai and its fractions on the right side ,and the 7 swaras in a cylindrical cosmic space.
Nowadays everyone know the Langrangian –Euler equations for globular projections and for the modern musical notations used by the western world.But ,noone knows that it is the old one used by Indian astronomers.
In Lamberts stereographic projection he halved the longitude,and developed a multiplier for the latitude.(Note that the parallels and meridians are circular arcs .finite and infinite.At equator for meridians arcs concave towards the central meridian and for parellel arcs concave towards thre poles with a central straight one of each..
The kuttaka or differential calculus and differential geometry was used by Indians .Each of the indeterminate parameters can involve both longitudes and latitudes in a projection.So we have to delve into differential geometry.The curved surface of the 3-dimensional geometrical realm ,the curve along any surface that traces the shortest route or the karna between two points become the geodesic.Now calculus has to be expanded from ordinary to to partial differentiation.A quintessential feature of differential geometry Then for the global surface XYZ or coordinates we get as functions and on a parametric parellellogram the Fundamental quantities EFG are obtained from them.A parellellogram defined by vectors is a parametric parellellogram.E and G represent distance change along the vectors and curves respectively .There is linear distortion ,distortion of area and of angles which we have to correct and that correction is called the sphutam. .The ellipse,associated circles,applying linear algebra , and optimizing distortion by balancing the scale arithmetically as Euler attempted come with this knowledge only.
The differentiating equations are balancing equations.It was Schwarts in west who used transformations for an ellipse into circular disc,.the sphere into each of 5 regular polyhedra.For a quinquinial projection the world conforming into a square ,the 5th of a diamond form,representing the equator at center,and the south pole as center of the oceanic region ,(not the north)and the shortest distances by ship,when oceanic currents are there ,have to be from the regions in and around the Indian ocean,and the map also has to be computed by the people of these areas,and India happens to be the first candidate to be thought of because of its position,long history,its fame in the foreign countries even in prehistoric times and the other details which I had already discussed in my history articles.The epicycloidal projection of the oceanic circulation is in favour of my view as Phoenicians being Indians.Oceanic current pass from SE Asia to Indian subcontinent ,touch the southern tip of India and south India in general and then to Africa and to South America.Another current straight to Central America from South East Asia is there.So these are the candidates we have to consider for the knowledge of starwatching,mathematical astrononomical computations,and geodesical and relativistic observations associated with navigation,and trade and commerce.The value of India as a very rich and prosperous country with a wellorganised agrarian and urban administration and a very long history of dynastic generations and scholars are all in favour .

In 1669 When Newton put forward the theory of gravitation and said that the earth has a bulge around the middle ,the geodesic latitude.and when this was resolved in 1730 using data from extreme locations in Finland and Peru ,c.s of the globe is close to elliptical became established.Why at extreme locations?This is the answer which I want to elicit.The reason why Indians and Srilankans knew the secret is because they were aware of both Finland and Peru .Varahamihira uses the differentiation of the vectors.Why?They with their dots ,cross products,are needed to study the ellipsoid ,the infinite series and the binomial series.The ellipsoid dimensions are written as aratio.Latitude measured as L distance measured at center of earth.Acclerated by observation ,elevation of some celestial object .That elevation measured as directly relative to the horizontal or else as a complementary angle relative to a vertical.Visible horizon around a ship.On land,a gravity set reference table made.The difference in gravitational attraction between equator and pole is less than ¼ of a degree.Yet we must recognize the 2 forms of latitude.The geocentric and the geodesic.The latter is observable and used in everyday life.The other for cartography.A conversion formula is established between them.The maximun discrepancy between the 2 at 45 degree is less than a 5th of a degree ,the proportional effect is greatest at latitudes.It gives as a seamile,as 1 mt of arc along meridian.Minimal value at equator,despite the radian being the longest there.
With geocentric latitude ,1 mt of arc produce a length exceeding 1855 miles at equator and less than 1850 mile at pole .
With geodesic latitude
Less than 1843 miles at equator and exceeding 1861 miles at pole.The standardized nautical mile is thus 1852 miles.
Now we have the 3-dimensional ellipsoid with 3 dimensional coordinates.Differentiate these to get a matched square pattern for the X and Y (t R cos theta cos lambda and t R cos theta cos lambda)The fundamental quantities of ellipsoid in terms of actual longitude and latitude.,the first equation is square of radius of a parellel circle .Calculating the distances and angles on ellipsoid surface.
1.Radian (distance along parellel)
2.formulae for intermediate distance.
3.Integration of this established distance
4.Put theta =zero in the binomial series for the integrand and integrate and get the coefficient defined
5.Multiply the infinite series by constant (1- 2) to give the value.where coefficients ,each of series converge to positive value less than 1.
On a sphere the shortest route between points along a great circle defined by intersection of spheroidal surface with plane through 2 points and the geocenter.The great circle route is still used in ellipsoidal world (geoidal )shortest route is not a plane curve is a geodesic ,running very close to the geocenter through the 2 points.(exactly within it for the routes along equator and the meridianol circle)hence its length inherently close to the value stated for the sphere.
R(pai/2-a theta)
R=6371
Therefore 1.1012X 6371=7015 km or 3788 INM .Except at the pole and equator where the anthelic and geodesic latitude are identical ,everywhere else anthelic is greater than the geodesic latitude.This is the inverse of geodesic to geocentric picture.The difference is similar ,so that anthelic latitude is relatively close to geodesic latitude.At 45 degree the anthelic latitude is 1/8th of a degree less.

For Everest the modern value (maximum )is 6377.304 KM ,  being 0.081473,F (flattening 300.8)and taken for entire South Asia.The current UGS 84 value for the whole world is 6378.137 and 6356.752 ,  0.082819,f is 298.257

If you refer to the Geodectic ref system 1980 or GR S 80,and its modified geodesic system 84 or WGS84, you will find the thririthu or 63 of Varahamihira and his ancestors in the radius of the earth,semiminor axis or polar radius,mean radius,radius of authalic sphere ,equatorial radius of earth .
The fixed starlimit of 39 for 3 stars in the gravitation geocentric constant and earth gravitational constant,the dynamic form factor excluding the permanent tide patterns as 108 and its exponential values(which is very common in all Indian calculations),the angular velocity factor of earth 729 …(The importance of this number ,I have spoken about in relation to vedic mathematics,cartography,musical traditions ,Thanthric,ayurvedic and yogic traditions elsewhere.)as given in Varahamihira’s calculations.f or flattening is 1.298.257223563. as a ratio.…Where on earth you have such scientific knowledge incorporated into all art and science forms and into common man’s life and lifestyle except in India?And how can it be borrowed from someone else ?The very fact that zero was invented by Indians for exponential as well as quantum level calculations is enough proof for their knowledge.
For latitudinal zonation each divided into 8 degree bands from 80 degree south to 72 degree north.(total 152 degree which is the mean of Raahumaana from 150-153)plus one 12 degree band from 72 degree north through 84 degree north.Distance from equator to 84 degree north is a span of 94 sq mt or 9350 km and only 90 in southern hemisphere.Total of 184 sqmt as taken by Paithamaha(183 )not 180 equal .So he takes 183+183=366 ,not 360,and later ones took it as 365 ¼.
MSL or mean sea level is the geoid as it is called and what affects the sea level is the gravity /geoid and geodesic .This is watched by people in India because of their proximity to sea and the monsoon winds .From the gyration of axis over millions of years to the double cycle of tides within a single day.The lateral movement of crest only 10 cm in an year.The elevational movement is greater.
The Newtonian constant of gravity G =6.674X10 –11 m3 kg –1 s-2
M=mass
D=distance from another mass
If spherical first gravitational value for gravitational acceleration of earth’s surface =9.820 m s -2



MSL in 1967 was assessed as 62636860.85 m2 s-2
In 1980,as 62636860.850 m2 s-2
The sea south of India is 110 m below the ellipsoid whereas across New Guinea it is 80 mm above the ellipsoid.This values are for the geostationary satellites.The fact that the Indians had known the geometry of the tilted view of the globe,its mathematical,cosmological implications etc and the fact that they were a seafaring people with a strong centralized administration and a decentralized village and urban economy is what is important for us now.For this the mathematical calculations of Varahamihia ,I present as a strong proof.

Rahumukhaanam chakram ,the 10th sloka of 6th chapter denotes Rahu with the day and night as the earth.The law states where the highest and the lowest positions of the earth’s orbit have reached at a particular time.It is a geocentric view of an observer from earth.zero bindu is Lanka.The point 223 degree beyond is the first point of Rahu.That is take 223 from east and west of Lanka.and from south and North also.
On the longitude ,from Tehran (51 degree E of GMT )in Iran to Reo de Janero in Brazil (43 degree w of GMT)is 94 degree and it is for the men who belong to Night when compared to Lanka .(They are the asura or those whobelong to Ra,moon)Towards the east of Lanka ,the rest of the globe is for the Ho (So )or people who worship sun,or day.Thus the HORA is divided .
The division of North south I had already mentioned .The chandrachedakayanthra of Vrahamihira is a projection like this and from it one can deduct the lunar eclipse.The deflection or valana is marked .After stating the relativity of observers position,in ch 7,he starts with the parallax rules.
In 8th ch he goes on to discuss how to see the sphuta of this error of parallax.And how one can watch a sun’s eclipse for proof of it.He uses a lunisolar correction .The computed vlues of the jya and the formula when studied show the sarvakhanda as 603.95 if we use the first khanda as 34.72.This is used by Paithamahasidhantha.Both Romaka and Poulisasidhantha use this number showing that all the sidhanthas were following Paithamaha with slight variations only.
It is because the earth and its orbit are not equal ,that the astrologers/astronomers of India add the calculated difference in southern hemisphere and decrease in northern.If the parallaxis lesser than the earths longitude it is southern and if it is more it is northern .To calculate the south and north of India Dwivedi takes Vindhya mountain. While for the earth as a whole it is Lanka as the reference point.(When you measure for a vasthu for construction ,you take the center of the construction site.When you take the entire universe,you take earth as geocentric point of observation. The ratio is same but the exponential values are different )Avanathi is the parallax of latitude .
Sloka 15 of ch 8 states the bimba of moon and sun become small or big depending on the distance from earth and their gathi.Sphutabimbaanayanam rules for planets and for comparative planetology.
When the graha is nearest it is small (alpa)and when it is away it is big(vipula)and it depends on Kalaaparimaanam(the measure of the karna or distance)This is the law of Newton,as we know today.
From Kalpaadi to Saka 427 the aharganaganitha is
Souravarshagana 1955883606
Souramaasa 23470603272
Adhimaasa 721384204
Chandramaasa 241987476
Moon after thrimsadganitha= 725759624280
Kshayadina=11356023207
Reducing kshayadina from moon to get the saavana ahargana at midnight of Lanka =714403601073
Aharganam X 800 /292207 balance –42 is ardharaathrakaalikakshepam.For day’s kshepa add 400 to get –442.
This is used as Kaalaneelam revolutions by the Deccan people (entire South India and by North India probably from them )and the observations are therefore clearly by the seafaring nightsky watchers of the southern(especially western and eastern coasts of )India.And the fact that they use Lanka and not India shows how scientific they were.They didn’t want the center of earth to be their continent /subcontinent but the nearest landmass to equator from their landmass and which also has the same effects of the sealevel and the monsoon winds.
About variable hypotenuse rule of Varahamihira Dwivedi says wherever there is gathi or movement there kalaakarna happen .and wherever there is kalaakarna one has to assume gathi .It is because of gathi that the bhogyakhanda is changing (variable).This is seen in Astronomy and applied to music in India.
Yatha yatha karno vardhathe
Thatha thatha bimbam apacheeyathe
Yatha yatha karnohrasamethi
Thatha thatha bimbam upacheeyathe
Is an observation which Newton made in 16th century.

About the energy of the sun as watched during an eclipse Sreepathy said

Drashtaamahi vyasadalenayasmaat
Samuchrithasthishtathy bhoomiprishte
Nabhastha bhanornikatastha thastham
Prabhakaram sookshmam avekshyathe sou
Vidheeyathe bhanuvapurmayukhai
Samanthatha pankajakarnikeva
That kesarairambaramadhyavarthy
Nireekshyathe thena cha sookshmamurthy
Vasundharaagolanirudhadaamaa
Doorasthithoyam sukhadrishyabimba
Maheejavrithopagathovivaswan-
Atho mahan bhaathyaruno virasmi.
It is important to understand none of these scientists of India thought that the earth is flat like a mat ,and then had the immaturity to say that ,I have predicted an eclipse,as Miletus of Thales did!!!Yet,he is credited with the science and intelleigence while the poor astronomers of India are not !!


Ch 13 of Panchasidhanthika starts with the independent opinions and analysis of Varahamihira on the cosmos and its relativity.
Sl 1 states that the earth is a gola ,and made up of 5 elements –water,akasa,vayu,agni and prithwi-and it is seen in the middle of the fixed stars forming a zodiac which forms a nest for it ,to keep it in its place as if a piece of metal is kept in place by a field of magnetic currents from a magnet.
This sloka tells us he knew not only the shape but also of the electromagnetic waves around the earth.
Then the next two slokas give us the meanibg of deva and asura according to Indian scriptures.
It says the earth has trees,towns,mountains,gardens,rivers,oceans on all the four sides and the center of the northern Devaloka is Sumeru (The modern Sumer of historians is sumeru of Ancient Indians.)Exactly opposite to it on the southern sphere is the land of Asura or Azorez.The man standing near a pond see his face reflected in water head down.The devas in Sumer think that they are upright while Asuras are standing head down on globe.The asuras say it is the other way round.(Ref what is the theory of relativity L.Landaw Yu Rumer pp 13,34 It says the same about Moscow and Newzealand)ref 38
Varahamihira then says we,the middle people in the equator,or in the Bharathakhanda watch the flame of fire going up into the sky,a thing with mass when thrown up coming down to earth ,not going up into sky,and understand that the same thing as on equator,happens both in devaloka and asuraloka(north and south )
He is here stating the gravitational pull of earth and the shape of earth and the lack of knowledge of the Sumerians and azorez people of the other civilization while,the middle men or Manushya ,the descendents of Manu know it .Here he speaks of Manushyaloka as Bharatha,the land of the Manu and his descendents.
Sl 5 says above thesumeru is the point in the northern sky called the dhruva star.There is another corresponding point the dhruva on the southern side for the asura also.The incomparable starworld is seen between these 2 points as revolving regularly around by the pravaha ,a vaayu which is very powerful.Suryasidhanta and sidhanthasiromani also speaks of this pravaha.In Aryabhateeya,vishnupuranam and jyothiprakasaka of keralapaanini also it is mentioned.This winds are strong and are westerly and has both clockwise and anticlockwise movement says the above references.In sakunthalam 7th anka kalidasa also speaks of parivahavaayu.Latacharya says it is one among the 7 winds.Skandahora also knows of this.This is the monsoon winds experienced by the western and eastern coasts of India.
The azhimuthal fields of the two poles have an unequal revolution ,and because of that the inner part revolve with great speed and outer side slowly,and this movement is seen as eastern movement in northern and western movement in southern hemisphere,and the convection currents join with the azhimuthal field currents and this magnetic field makes the strong attractive force .These things are being understood only recently by the modern science.(Ref 39 New york academy of science Role of magnetic fields in physics and astrophysics vol 257 ,1975 pp 1-226)But the astronomers of India knew it .When I say this ,the first criticism I get is that I am one among sangh parivar!!!What a intellectual slavery for our scientific community and historians!! I cant imagine!What does a political party has to do with intellectual scientific research?They are just there to get political power.A scientist,like me, is least concerned with political power.
Sloka 6 says:- There are different opinions about the revolution of earth.Some people think that earth is revolving within a machinery as if a metal globe within a nest,and that only the earth revolve and not the atmosphere.The argument is that if so the birds would have lost their way .Varaha says ,not only the earth but also the orbit in which it is revolving also is moving .
Others ask,if earth is revolving why is the flags not flying west every day .Then ,another doubt of theirs is that how can within a short period of 24 hrs earth completes a rotation/Varaha says the movement of the orbit and the mandala around the earth explains the behaviour of flag,of birds not loosing way and of the speed.
Sloka 8 is talking about the view of Jain astronomers that there are 2 suns and 2 moons and refutes it with observational data.
Sloka 9 says when the sun rising in the zero degree Mesha is seen as moving to the right to the deva in sumeru,the asura see it as moving in opposite direction to the left.But for the equator ,at Lanka it is seen right above the head.He says the terms left,right,above head etc have meaning only if we say the point of observation of the astronomer.That is why a zero point at Lanka is accepted by the learned in astronomy and relate the other areas with reference to it.(When British colonized India they knew this from Indian astronomers and made Greenich ,the zero point.Before that Greenich had no history at all).
At the end of Mithuna sun is seen as 24 degree above head by the devas and for Avanthi people it is then exactly above head(because Avanthi is 24 degree north of Lanka)
At that time there is no noon-shadow of gnomon.At that time the northern parts of Avanthi see the shadow towards the north and the people to the south see the shadow towards south.The shadow is therefore relative to the position of the observer.
That is why the ancientseers decided that the devas of the sumeru have day in mesha,rishabha and Mithuna and Karkitaka,chinga and kanni are nights for them.In sloka 12 he prostrates before the ancestors who found out this relativity .In sloka 13 Varahamihira asks,the path traversed from Mesha to northwards is traversed when coming back from North.So,why should the sun become visible in certain periods and invisible in others.For those who do not know the secret of the revolutionary path of earth in relation to the sun he poses this question to ponder over.The mandala or fields in the two hemispheres is equal not in measurement but in behaviour of clockwise and anticlockwise reversal of current.
Being the earths paridhi as 3200 yojana
The formula 9-1/9=1 degree
800 =90 degree.An observer at 800 yojana away,or 90 degree away see sunrise and noon.
He says in sl 17,Ujjain is near to Lanka but north to it,almost in the same longitude but in different latitudes and therefore both the observers have noon at the same time but the length of the day need not be the same except on the samarathra days.The sun on the samarathrabindu or vishuvath point making sumeru its center,and earth revolve around it and based on it the paridhi is fixed as 3200 yojana.If the sun is in the zenith ,and revolving around the equator,or if the earth on its axis which is the Meru ,and keeps each of its bindu on eqator facing the sun once –is the measurement.
Sloka 19 ,20 gives bhoomerusamsthanam.
From Avanthi to the north,586 2/3 yojana traveling ,we reach the middle of Meru.If we travel 800 yojana from Lanka also we reach there.The distance between Avanthi and Lanka is thus 213 1/3 yojana.Ujjain has 66 degree to travel to the north pole.Sloka 21 gives general rule for calculating this from any place on earth.sloka 22,23 says from Ujjain 373 1/3 yojana north the landmass ends.The north pole is upto 66 degree north ,and landmass ends at 42 degree.24 degree difference.Looking at the globe find out the truth about it.Then he gives the landmasses where the southern stars are not seen and landmasses where the northern stars are not visible.All this shows how exhaustive and scientific the Indian astronomers were in their observation and calculation.For the devas of sumeru Lanka is always the horizon.sloka 29 tells us Lanka position.Lanka is just above the vishuvath latitude. Or just above the equator.The gola is equal there because it is landmass closest to equator.lenrth of day is 30 nazhika.Then he describes the gnomonic measurement at Lanka(not at Ujjain)in detail and how this is used for the oceanic people .How to find the sine and cosine and to balance it (salilena samam kritwa)
Sloka 34 says experts thus measure the entire earth and cosmos,like a person tasting a drop of seawater knows the taste of salt anywhere,
Sloka 35 and 36 are important.35 says moon is seen by reflected light from sun.only one part is seen while the other remain unseen as if a kumbha (spherical pot)is shown to the sun.36 says the the reflected sunlight from the moon which reach earth is cool and hence salilamaya.It is less hot but gives enough light for us to see,just like a sunray,reflected in a darpana gives us the energy of the sunray.
Why is this sloka important?
1.The ancient astronomers knew that sunray reflected behave in a particular way,looking cold and harmless but can cause a concentrated agni if used properly.This was a knowledge used by ancient seafarers of India to destroy their own ships when they were about to be captured by enemies.It was a suicidal method to prevent their secret knowledge to be given away to foreigners.And they had brass and glass mirrors for this purpose developed by ancient craftsmen.This knowledge was transmitted to Greece only during Pythagorus times.The brass work and mirrors of Kerala is the proof for this.Nowhere else in the world you see this phenomenon.
2.The Michelson Morley experiment of using multiple mirrors to concentrate the sunray onto a single point was done in a crude way by these people and it is how they found out the exact equation for the energy,mass,velocity .It was not an accidental finding.It was not something they were copying either from any other civilization.

37 and 38 is on reflected sunlight causing the moons two phases.39 is on comparative planetology and movement of the 6 celestial bodies in their orbits 40 and 41 describes the zodiacal space from the geocentric position as increasing in order as if in the case of a wheel.The orbits nearer to the geocenter ,like that of moon,is smaller and that which is farthest like Saturn is largest.Since moon is nearest to earth,we see it moving quickly,while Saturn is seen moving very slowly because it is very far from earth.sloka 41 therefore calls moon sasi which is a speedy object while Saturn is manda or sana(slow object)and again this sloka tells us the fact that distance and speed are related was wellknown to all astronomers of India.And Newton’s name was not known to them,but certainly they knew the rule known in his name.
Chapter 14 is Chedakayanthra.The cheda was described in mathematical terms in earlier chapters.Here varahamihira speaks about the different yanthra or ancient instruments used by ancient Indian astronomers .The first 4 sloka tells us of a sextant and its construction and use,6 and 7 gives us construction of a golayanthra,and 8 gives us the gnomon.sloka 12 gives how with two wooden pieces or scales one can measure exact radius .And how sun and moon and their longitude/latitude are measured with these methods.sloka 15 gives a Matsyayanthra or Machayanthra which is represented even in the Indus valley script showing its antiquity.How the machayanthra uses the rajju or the sulba just as in the sulbasuthra of Uthanka is noteworthy.Sloka 7 calls Horizon or chakravaala as Harijam or Hariyam,derived from Hari.chakra is the wheel of cosmos of Hari.And valana or deflection gives the harijam its name chakravalanam .And we know the valanam can cause energy which can be thousand times hot than sun,and is a powerful weapon.
Similarly a golakayanthra or ancient clock which is hemispherical and fixed so that we can raise it upto the latitude we want is described.(sl 19)
When I said that the Indians knew how to concentrate suns ray through a smallest point at least some might have wondered how?sloka 21 and 22 says.
Take a circular phalaka or mirror-or a brass polished to be like a mirror-and on it have 360 degrees marked.The vyasa should be one hastha.The thickness only ½ inch.There should be a small opening in center.The opening is so small that the sunray at noon enters through it at an angle .There is a spot underneath the circle which is lighted up by such a ray.Or burned by it,depending on the concentration.If a rajju touching this spot and the center of the phalaka is divided into fractions we get degrees of the noonsuns elevation in degrees.A smooth and minute gola(sookshmam golam)made of metal/iron with 4 bindus on the exterior connected with 2 rekha called kaalabhogarekha are used for exact observations.Between kalabhogarekha on either side of Mesham zero degree or Lanka mark the dgrees of the various raasis after close observations.If we raise the gola to a specific northern latitude we can measure the naadikas for any day,any place.sloka 26 says in kaalachakra,as long as Mesha zero is the eastern bindu the length of day increases.When it is Thula the length of day decreases,
Sloka 27 says all the yanthras have rajju,water,bhooghanta or part of earth as their basis.On a plane the shape of a tortoise or man we can make the yanthra.The yanthra are taught only to honest shishya.Not even to son,if he is not honest and worthy of teaching.
29 and 30 describes how to do measurements based on stars and moon at night for the seafarers this was very useful.31 and and 32 gives ghateeyanthra or waterclock of India.
This is a very interesting part.This type of clock was in use in India right from the prehistoric seafaring days.It uses the archemedes principle for floating a ship as well as for sinking a ship when one is confronted with the enemy’s capture which the Phoenicians employed .
Sloka 31 asks to make a vessel with the shape of half a sphere.It is made of Tamra.And in the center of the bottom is drilled a very small opening which allows tiny droplets of water to enter the vessel from a pot filled with water in which the device floats.The drilling of the hole,and the thickness of the vessel are mathematically very precise and only a skilled sculpture can do it.The vessel is filled exactly when one naadika passes.The vessel then sinks.Like this 60 nimajjana or sinking ,or 60 naadika is related to reading or reciting 60 sloka with 60 leters . and time needed to take 1/60 of the water in the kunda below to enter the upper vessel.Hence a measurement of water volume as well.It is 180 times breathing of a human being so that it is not only cosmic but also earthly and biological praana energy time that they are measuring .It was with this principle they sang their saama chant,made hourglasses,made ships,and sank them when needed.This vessel also shows how the thamra workers of India were technologically advanced.The craftsmanship of the ship as well as theat of the vessel just described show the science of India.The instrument was used by ancient people and it is not Varahamihira’s discovery .Hence ,since all the 5 sidhanthas are before Archemedes and since this was the old way of the Phoenicians /Tamilspeaking kerala people and south Indians and people of west coast of India in general,who were having ships and oceanic travels from vedic times and used to measure time with such waterclocks the science of Indians is definitely ancient and far advanced than the Greeks.
The Greek water clocks were just floating devices working by siphon action and they didn’t have the volume measurement technique and they didn’t know how the Phoenicians sank the ships in specified time or how they burned the ships either.Till Archemeded time it remained a secret for them.The technique of making thin thamra vessels they never mastered.And the cavemen of Thovary wynad as well as the Indus valley people knew the secret of the hourglass and the ashtadala padma or the making of ships,vimana from the same measurements (which I have described elsewhere).
The relation with chanda,music and swara and praana of this astronomical device is mentioned here.But Thibout says one of the reasons for considering the suryasidhantha as inferior to syntaxis is that syntaxis is related to grammer,music etc but Indian astronomy is not!!The 7 swara,the 7 praana,7 colours of sunlight and the 7 naadis of the human body function exactly alike is the basis of all science and arts of India and of astronomy too and it is known right from the time of Paithamaha to vedic rishi .sloka 33 states if you know the latitude of moon,and distance of moon from a nirayana star ,you can calculate the time when chandrayoga happen with that star .After stating this general rule the text describes the positions of karthika or Pleides in the N latitude and Rohini or Aldegebran in the S latitude.The difference being 13 0 20 mts between them.And these are by luminosity one can easily identify and compare too.The nearness of Rohini to Betelguese alpha orionis and its mass when compared to Pleides is also comparable.The colour of Thiruvathira and its red colour as a supergiant red and Rohini as a white one nearby and the comparison of these 2 with the 7 sisters of Pleides or Karthika is the first observations made by any beginner to start with.Therefore Indian systems always begin with Krithika or 7 sisters who were mother of Muruka,Murugu and the water nymphs with Saraswathy as their eldest ,and then to Rohini the star of Krishna and the favourite of Moon ,and the red giant Ardra ,the star of Shiva ,related to the Mrigavyadha or Kiratha,the father of Vettakkorumakan,of Ayyappan and the consort of Vishnu as Mohini.(Astronomy and scripture thus combine so that even a child can be educated in this way).The Indus valley and Harappan scripts bear testimony to antiquity of the practice.Then the 35th sloka speaks of the twin stars of Punarvasu in the Mithuna raasi ,and pushya ,Ashlesha ,Makha ,chithra in Kanni rasi covering 11 stars or 146 degree .(from Karthika to chithra)And the 22 stars on the other side including ,(corresponding stars )292 degree (72 days less from 364 days in one solar yr).
Then he gives the method of conversion into inches from hastha or kol,and how to divide with the ½ of vishuvath gnomonic chaya and to add 15 inches as vyasa of moon to its jya.Multiply by 10 and add vishuvath samarathrachaya 21 times Then we get vinazhika.Calculating the kranthivrithabindu thus ,in the eastern horizon in the beginning of Karkata or Cancer .When the sun is there,with the mathematical instruments described view Canopus or Agasthya.He is seen as a thilaka on the forehead of the beautiful lady on the south side.Agastya is 90 degree longitude 80 degree latitude on the South.About the calculation of varahamihira Thibout says his latitude is lesser than that of modern suryasidhanth and is only 75 degree 30 mts.He doesn’t take into account the difference in the point of observation from Lanka and Ujjain.or from a point in the southern parts of India slightly away from Lanka .but of the same longitude.He asks why only a few stars are given?Why only in the eastern hemisphere the lunar yoga with 11 stars given?Why not in the west?If we know the yogabindu in one half ,we can compute the other half is the rule Varahamihira is demonstrating.And every Indian knew the other Nakshathra as well(the 27-28 nakshathra positions )is wellknown .In a postgraduate book we don’t expect the kindergarten topics is the only reason why it is not seen in a karanagrantha like Panchasidhanthika.Why the historical sage Agastya moved to the south?For observing the star now known in his name.And it is seen well from southern districts of kerala and Tamilnad well if you watch from a hill or from the coastal planes.The description of Agastya from the southern latitude as the fixed polestar of that region is very significant .Just as the Polestar of the North and the saptharshi ,the 7 sisters and Agastya are given great importance in Indian astronomy.
Ch 15 is the jyothishopanishat which deals with the relativity questions.Because of the relative position of the celestial objects and the observer is dealt with.The mention of eclipse of other planets is made (which he describes in detail in Brihadsamhith).When he mentions graha ,grahamadhya etc for calculations Thibout says these words have no meaning at all.But these words are used by the modern as well.The center of the celestial body has to be calculated for eclipses whether in Sanskrit or English.He describes why the people near the Meru does not see the solar eclipse in full.Because of the gola shape and the tilt of the axis of earth ,in the pole proper the sun and moon are not coming in a straight line with earth on the other side .There is always an angle between sun and moon in pole due to the axis of earth.The eclipse observed by people in India is not seen by other parts of the world or the time of the eclipse is different in different places.The eclipse is past,present and future for three observers in 3 different positions on earth.
The law of parallax is mentioned for an observer.Not even the directions east,west,etc are not absolute but relative because the point where the sun sets and rises is the same both in Utharayan and dakshinayan and it is the positional change of the observer (on earth)which makes these relative directions.The east west south north divides are gone when you know astronomy properly and it leads to an advaitha of whole cosmos .This was what happened to the old vedic rishi of India.For asura at south pole and sura at north pole calculation of time is alike while for men at eqator it is 364-365-366 days.We are finding the day of week from ahargana.Ahargana depend on time and space and is relative.Latacharya calculate ahargana from sunset at yavanapura.simhacharya from sunrise at Lanka.yavanaguru from 10 muhurtha past the night of yavana.Aryabhata says one can count either from the midnight of Lanka or from sunrise of Lanka.
This happens because of regional differences.The method best suited is to take one region as niraksha or zero point and compute the others to it.India had done this before Ramayana period and Lanka was accepted as zero degree because of its position near to the equator ,it will give more accurate results.The only other place which will give the same results being Tula in Mexico.These two points are Mesha and tula ,180 degree apart in the zodiac of India,makes sense for an archeoastronomer who is really interested in history and consciousness of our ancestors alike.

Sloka 22 and 23 gives more insights.
The sunrise of Bharathavarsha is noon for bhadraswa,sunset for utharakuru,midnight for kethumala.
Sunrise of Lanka is sunset in sidhapura,noon in yamakoti,midnight in Romakapura.sloka 25 says Romakapura has different longitude from yavanapura and their desantharasudhi is not he same .The Lankan calculation is not the same to these two ahargana because both longitude and latitude differ,
This statement is important.The scientific mind of varahamihira is actually teaching the general rules of astronomy to posterity.What Thibout argued is that Romakasidhantham starts calculation from the longitude of yavanapura and therefore it is Alexandrian.Or according to him Romakasidhantha is Alexandrian in origin.The similarity of Romaka to Rome and the concept that yavanapura is Alexandria are the aspects which form this view.
But Varahamihira clearly states that Romakapura and yavanapura are different longitudes.Then how come romakasidhantha if it is Alexandrian use yavanapura niraksha?If it is Roman why did it use yavanapura instead of Rome?If it is Alexandrian why was it called romakasidhantha?A person of Varahamihira’s astronomical caliber who knows that Lanka and Ujjain are in the same yamyantharavritha(longitudinal grid)but altitude is different and hence relativity is there ,is stating that Romakapura and Yavanapura are not one.In sloka 26 Varahamihira says the opinion of Latacharya and Yavanaguru are not acceptable according to the ancestors of Indian astronomy.But he accepts the view of Simhacharya of Lanka and Aryabhata ,his own younger conmtemporary from India.sloka 29 says that common man depends upon panchanga,days of week etc just for day to day activities and rituals to be continued properly.They are not bothered about the science behind the calculations or of the discipline itself.But the scientists should not be like that .They should be more objective not to change the weekday or dinanatha etc according to ahargana of their observation from a very localized bias.

Ujjain is 75 0 43 ‘east of GMT.90 0 east of Ujjain is
165 0 43 ‘longitude in Hawai islands and the boundaries of Russuia .BHADRASWA
Then 90 degree beyond is 104 017 ‘west of GMT which pass through canada ,Mexico,Guatemala’s boundary and N America. UTHARAKURU
90 degree beyond is 14 0 17 ‘ west of GMT passing through Spanish Sahara ,Mauritiana,Gambia,Guinea,western boundary of Mali republic where Thumbuktu people live,KETHUMALA
Between lanka and ujjain 18 mts or 40 2’ difference.Lanka is 79 degree 45’ east of GMT.Compute then to
169 0 45 E of GMT.Oakland islands,disappearing islands of Hawai,islands near Gardner pinnacle and boundaries of Russuia.YAMAKOTI
100 0 15’ W of GMT.Tula on the western part of the city of Mexico,Canada and North America.SIDHAPURAM
10 0 15 W of GMT Ireland,Spain,Portugal,Morocco,Maali,Ivory coast,the islands of Atlantic ocean.ROMAKAPURAM

(Note that nowhere does Rome or Greece come)
Ujjain Bhadraswa
Hawai islands ,boundary of Russia Utharakuru
Mexixo,Boundary of Guatemala,Canada,N A merica. Kethumala
Mali(Thumbuktu)
Spanish sahara,
Mauritiana
Gambia,Guinea,
Lanka(Mesha on east of Bharatha) Yamakoti
Oakland,disappearing islands,of Hawai near Gardner pinnacle,Boundary of Russia, Sidhapuram
Tula on west of mexico city,
Canada
North America Romakapuram
Islands of Atlantic ocean,Ireland,Maali,Ivory coast,spain,Portugal,Morocco.

We can see how wrong was the assuption that Greece and Rome have taught India anything at all.The view that since Rome is 12 0 30 ‘east,Lanka is not the present Srilanka but somewhere else also was put forth by these thinkers who could not even think of a Romakapura other than Rome and a Yavanapura other than Greece.If there is similarity between Rome and Romakapura ,there is similarity between the Kure islands of hawai and Kuru,Utharakuru also.And Guatemala and kethumala are the same.Look carefully at the worldmap of today,even now we can see an area marked CHETHUMAL in Hondura coast between Mexico and Guatemala on the seashore,which the seafaring Indians called kethumala.The Atlantha of the Asura(Azores )people of Indians still exists in the name of Atlanthic ocean.The Athalantha or end of Athala is the meaning of that ocean’s name.We still see a mountain called Maya ,east of Guatemala and an old civilization called Maya in Mexico .Guatemala area.Kethumala and Romakapura are thus areas in the central and South America.Not Rome or Greece.The word dweepa for island is a Sanskrit one.The word is used as the name of the western island of Scotland (Lochairidhmahicfhionnalaidh dhuibh pp 84 Guinnes book 1986 Ref 40).Even the Ireland cultures and the name of Bharathaani or Bharthani for the Brittani has resemblance.Britain ,the western end of the landmass including Bharatha ,the 90 degree point from there is kethumala or GUATEMALA.Even without the help of continental drift we can thus correlate the scriptural accounts of Indian history,its astronomical landmarks,and the oldest musical heritages,etc of the entire world.The very fact that in Indian cosmos the zero degree of Mesha correspond with Lanka ,and the 180 point from that is called Tula and such a point or landarea actually exists in Mexico city is proof for contact between these two groups of people.And scriptures never said that they didn’t accept from them.The Indian yavanaguru is Maya ,the asura(Azorez)architect ,belonging to Romakapura and his daughter was married to the King of Lanka Ravana.The daughter of malyavan from Atlantis being the mother of Ravana they were actually the same race.And the Magha Brahmana of the ancient world is considered to be descendents of this group ,sons and relatives of Visravas ,son of Pulastya .Varahamihira himself was a Maagabrahmin(Maaghabrahmins of India have Bharadwaja as their ancestors according to legends) and when he says of his ancestors it was quite natural he was speaking of these old traditions ,not of Rome or Greece.He was teaching Rome and Greece where they have gone wrong in calculations,and not receiving anything from them.
In ch 17,Tharagrahasphuteekaranam ,sloka 10 Varahamihira says that all the graha has to be independently observed and their sphuta calculated .The calculation is different in the case of Budha or mercury alone.Because of its nearness to sun.And he gives the general law for all planets and the special rule for Mercury.The difference of movement in the perihelion,aphelion positions is known for this calculation .The first person to do this in the western world was Sir Isac Newton.But he could not find out the special rule for Mercury (which is described by varahamihira)and was rediscovered by Einstein.In 1916 the third astronomical effect of general relativity was published by Einstein and in it the special movement of the perihelion of Mercury was discussed.In sloka 10 of ch 17 varaha says about this and the details are explained in Brihadsamhitha.So,can we say,varahamihira had borrowed from the 16th century Newton or from Einstein?The English translation of Thibout on Varahamihira’s Panchasidhanthika came out when Einstein was a child of 10.And in it (,after newtons period)Thibout says the special rule of Mercury is unintelligible to him.
The last chapter actually ends with the 61st to 65th sloka where Varaha states that This book is the Thaaragrahakaarikathanthra for the students of Varahamihira in Avanthi which he made for the disciples who were confused after studying the Mars sidhantha of Pradyumna,jeeva(Brihaspathy)souri(saturn)sidhantha of Vijayanandin .He says about himself that he is one who even if understanding the shortcomings of others do not say that or criticize them,and such quality should be cultivated by his disciples so that they become learned guru or in the Darsana of Varahamihira .He says he is making the tharagrahathanthra of ancient 18 jyothisha Acharya without competition or envy and just for removing doubts on the science.
After that 16 sloka are added by Sankarapanditha.He wrote it in 1673 Saka 1538 of the current year ,second aswina budhadina .His ancestry is Pandithasri peethambara,his son sri sriranga,his son panditha Naana ,his son panditha Govinda his son Sankara and he is writing this for selfstudy and for helping others(students)

India was a land of teachers in various subjects,and whenever they accept a theory from a Guru they mention the name of the Guru.The laws of Maya,is accepted by Bharath .He is the yavanaguru for us.Not only astronomy but also the architectural patterns were accepted from him.Maya was in saakadweepa and he was a citizen of Romakapura and that he had taught Viswamithra some rules on the southern hemisphere when the latter had problems with Vasishta,who was following the rules of the Northern hemisphere alone is well accepted in all scriptures.Solon had these details (in part)from Egypt and later on Plato had spoken about the flood of the lost Atlantis etc .Atlantis,or saakadweepa and its parts Azores,canary islands etc were known to Azura s and to architect maya.When the floods happened several Atlanteans reached India ,some of them –Malyavan,kaikasi,the Maya family etc became part of us and their knowledge was computed into our knowledge and their observations and the adventurous sea voyages to these distant lands from south India made Indian and South east Asian history very rich.Negating that ancestry is not in Varahamihira’s or in Indian astronomers agenda.Such people ,if they had adopted from Pythagorus would have mentioned him as a revered guru and this does not happen itself is proof that Greece was a student of India and not vice versa.Yukathana(yugasthana)or the land of architects and the oldest suncity in Titicaca lake are to be viewed in this light.The modern scientists view is that the suncity of Titicaca is 14000 yrs old.A people who knew architecture,astronomy ,mathematics as early as that existed and lost their culture and civilization.The people in Bharath had shared the knowledge with these people as early or before 14000 yrs because if the city is 140000 yrs old,the culture must be older than that and Indian calculation of yuga and kalpa actually says so.The Mayaas of yugathana used Cowrie shells and dots and lines to do any number of complicated mathematics just as the astronomers of India do.And in the vedaas this calculation is seen showing the veda’s antiquity .Their year or Thun is 360 days.20 thun or 7200 days is one kaathun and 20 kathun or 144000 days one bhakthun.Like that 63 million years or one Alathun they had.Any big number they wrote with 9 positions just as Indians.The venus year of them is equal to that of Indians.Sikhnista their ancient place of observatory had equipments which determined angular distance of stars which is only 0.005 to 2 degree.The sukra or venus year of Maya is only 72’ different in one year and 6 mts in month and 12 sec in a day.This year is known to both vasishtasidhantha and poulisasidhantha and to Paithamaha sidhantha is worth mentioning.Sukra or venus as the guru of Azorez people is accepted in all scriptures of India,and his daughter is married to yayathi ,who had an asura princess also as his wife.So the racial mixing is accepted .(not only the science and art of Asura)Yugathan is a name similar to sindhusthan ,Rajasthan etc (sthan or Than is the position)The yukathan people believe that the suncity was made to mark the beginning of an era which is very fast and which began on 3114 BC August 11th.This is comparable to the short fast kaliyuga beginning of India in BC 3104 when Dwaraka sank and Krishna lost his life.Note that these are only 10-11 yrs different .August 11 in Raasichakra is corresponding to Suns entry to Ayilya star last point in Karkitaka/first degree e of Simharaasi which is the birth time of Vamana or the new age sun (suryasidhantha)and when Varahamihira says that in his period Ayanam is in Ayilyam and it is based on the Romakayuga ,it simply means that he is following the calculation of maya of romakapura in Mexico-Guatemala-Sakadweepa/Atlantis and has nothing to do with Rome and his yavanaguru is maya and his yavanapuri is also the landmass of this yavanaguru as shown in table above.
I would end this chapter with the single manthra attributed to Kasyapa ,the father of Vaamana in the Rgveda and which is for propitiating the soumya as well as ugra aspects of the divine mother to bring Agni and hence called the Agneyasthra.It is also called the Durgaamanthra and the IVC /Harappan people were worshipping this deity.It is significant to note that early Harappan times and lifespan of Krishna ,the dark God who controlled a portcity in west coast of India corresponds well.

(This manthra also shows the oceanic people’s voyages across the landmasses .)

OM
Jaathavedase sunavaama
Somamaraathiyathoni
Dahaathi veda:sa na parshadaadi durgaani
Viswaa naaveva sindhum durithaathyayagni:
OM

Ch 3 MAPMAKING AND DIVISION OF GLOBE AS SCIENCE(CARTOGRAPHY)

Division of globe in ancient Indian literature.
King Priyavratha had seven sons each with names synonymous with Agni or fireGod.The purana considers the world as 7 dweepa or islands belonging to these 7 Agni or fire,who were brothers.
Jambudweepa Agneendran
Plakshadweepa Idmadwajan
Salmali dweepa Yagnabahu
Kusadweepa Hiranyarethas
Krounchadweepa Grithaprishtan
Sakadweepam Methathithi
Pushkaradweepam Veethihothran
Annie Besant and Madame Blavatsky identify these as follows.

DWEEPAM ANNIE BESANT BLAVATSKY

Jambu Asia Eurasia
Plaksham South America South America
Salmali Australia Australia
Kusa oceania oceania
Krouncha Africa Africa
Saka Europe Atlantis
Pushkaram North America North America
According to Blavatsky the Plaksha ,kusa ,salmali and Krouncha had been under the sea for a long time and surfaced again and Sakam which is at present submerged is the legendary lost Atlantis.A part of sakadweep called the swethadweepa or white island(Shet land)is the present Greenland and parts of Siberia.Bhavishyapurana says that swethadweepa lies beyond the salty sea and Magha Brahmins of this land had once built a sun temple for Sambha,the son o f Krishna and Jambavathy .(Varahamihira was a descendent of Magha Brahmins).Jambavathy,the daughter of Jambavan,the oldest root race of inhabitants of the world(partly human and partly Riksha-the bear-ape man)was asouth Indian wife of Krishna and belonged to the oldest Adivasi of the continent.Thus ,the relation of Atlantean race and Indian race is mentioned in scriptures.

Maya is a generic name for the people of sakadweepa.or Atlantis.In other words ,Maya,the yavanasilpi or architect of olden times was also a Magha Brahmin and who knew solar and lunar calendars and vaasthuvidya.He was the one who built Indraprastha during Yudhishtira’s time and another of his race with the same generic name was the father of Mandodari .(Ravana’s wife).He was an original inhabitant of sakadweepa(Atlantis)and he had come to live in present Rajasthan during Ravana’s time.The word Asura and Azorus ,Atlantis and Atlantic ocean and Athalam of the scriptures are from the same root .According to Sounakahora ,Maya was a astronomer of excellance and he taught astronomy to the great Rajarshi Viswamithra.The original abode of Maya according to Indian scriptures is Romakapura in Athalam.(The Romakapura spoken by the Mahgha Brahmin Varahamihira ,is this Romakapuram of Atlantis and not Rome.)Romakasidhantha of Maya,the yavanaguru came from Atlantis and not Rome as the historians of Astronomy think.The knowledge came to India in very very ancient times .When Viswamithra accepted the southern stars as polestar there was agreat debate between his disciples and disciples of Vasishta who followed the northern star clusters.
Jambudweepa had 9 divisions.Between the two poles run the Meru and around it the aretic region Ilavritha is seen.Around Meru are the Bharatha,Hiranmaya,Ramyaka on one side and Kethumala and bhadraswam on the other side of the Globe.The orthographic map(Fig 1) shows this division clearly The tropical landmasses above equator ,speading almost 270 degrees on the globe’s surface around equator represent Jambudweepa.Therefore,Indians,Lankans,peoples of Atlantis,Arabians,Babylonians and Nazreans belong to the race of Agneedran ,the firstborn son of King Priyamvada,In Puranas Jambudweepa is compared to a lotus flower.(fig 2)When Atlantis sank,parts of Jambudweepa also sank,since they were continuous landmasses in the tropical belt.It also includes parts of central and south America,When these landmasses sank people of Plaksha and Jambudweepa lost all communications between them .People who had already migrated to other parts of the world continued the culture there.(As mentioned in Ramayana ,when Kaikasi ,daughter of Malyavan is married to sage Visravas in Nepal and Ravana born to them)Readers digest publications The last mysteries of the world “Voyage to Atlantis”gives the evidence of this migration of culture.The people of central and south America ,people of Crete ,of Timbukthu,South India and Lanka and probably the people who built stone henges in England are descendents of the same race.The interchange of the Azorez(Asura)race and Indian race started even before Atlantis was lost and continued even after that.The reason why Ravana was married to Maya’s daughter(who had been earlier inhabitants in Rajastan)was precisely the fact that Maya and Kaikasi belonged to the same race.Both were Azores people.In central America there is still a mountain called Maya and an old culture called Mayan culture was there.The Mayan people of central America were great builders,architects,astronomers,and sun worshippers just as the Puranas of India describe them.If these facts considered just as coincidence and left out,our reconstruction of history would be incomplete.
In Skandahora.the globe is divided to 4 halves,each about 90 0.They are Bhogavathy,Samyamani.Sidhavathy,and Romavathy.The globe is further divided to a sixpointe dstar (shanmukha or 6 faced one)each arm with 60 0.(fig 3) If these divisions are computed on to the globe given by Varahamihira in Panchasidhanthika we get the following.(fig 4)which is a tortoiseshape ..The route of Arjuna when he did his digvijaya all over the world as given by Mahabharatha of Vyasa is the same as we get in this figure.Vyasa was a person belonging to the kaivarthaka or seafaring parathava of Tamil nad.
Kimpurushavarsha is the Rusha or modern Russuia.Ramyakavarsha is present China.According to Gargabhagavatha Hari once took birth in Swethadweepa as its king and it was then called Harivarsha.
Was this division known to Rgveda?Rgveda speaks of the division of Globe by the Ribhus.Rishi vamadeva says we don’t know the exact date on which this first division happened.(Ch 8.sooktha 51.Mandalam 1.Rgveda).The first Ribhu divided the globe into 2 parts of 180 each.Vibhu ,the second Ribhu divided it into 3 parts of 120 each.Vaajan ,the last Ribhu divided it into 4 parts each with 90 0(ch 7 sooktha 33) Rishi prajapathi speaks of 6 horses of sun ,5 in succession .These are 6 seasons and the 5 years of panchavarsheeyayuga.She speaks thus:-“There are thus three areas above or on the back and of these only one is visible and other 2 invisible.Below there is a beautiful core with three yoni ,three breasts,and three heads of dharma.In each of these three parts the sun stays for 4 months.The sun makes love with one devi for 4 months.Then leaves her for 8 months to stay with the next two devis.He repeats the cycle every 12 months.These areas are called the varsha because the sun gives varsha or rain to each of these successive devi areas while he stays with her.Varsha is the love of sun for the devi.The people in the 3 varsha are the devas.The devis are Ila,Saraswathy and Bharathy”This passage clearly shows that the rishi knew the seasons of India and its effects in 3 different parts(ie the monsoons were known)And all men were called deva.Asuras were people of the western hemisphere or people of Azorez/Atlantis.All of them were sons of Vishnu .In his three consorts mentioned above as rivers.Ila I ais Nila or Nappinnai of South Indians.
When globe is divided to 12 parts of zodiac (on a different scale)only 9 are visible landmasses in equatorial plane.2 are on other side of globe and hence invisible to Indians.The rest is Aleutian islands from where we see sunrise.The 2 invisible and the Aleutian sea(3 divisions)were called Thribhonam by ancient Indian astronomers.
Thri=3
Bham=zodiacal sign or raasi
Oonam=minus
That is the word means minus 3 signs (or minus 90 degree) The first landmass visible on east of Bharatha was therefore called Ribhonam which was pronounced as Rippon or Ribbon in Japan as the name of their land in early times.The meaning is the first landmass in east of Bharatha where the sunrays touch after traversing the 3 divisions of the globe invisible to the east (or eastern landmasses).The land of the rising sun.
From this point landmasses divided into 3 divisions comprising 90 degree each.The northeast part represent the Arctic area is Ilavritham .Middle Bharathy,lowest southwest Saraswathy.When sun rises in Lanka or Ujjain sun sets in Kethumala and Sidhapuram.At kuru and Romakapura it is midnight while Bhadraswa and yamakoti it is noon ,says Varahamihira.
Kethumala is the present Guatemala and Chethumal in gulf of Mexico.Sidhapuram is Theothihuacanand Tula in Mexico.Kuru includes part of Sahara and west boundary of republic of Mali.Romakapuram locate din Azorus islands in Atlantic ocean ,the place of old Atlantis.(Plato had mentioned Atlantis in Greece).For Indian mythology this great landmass belong to Azura.And was submerged by Vishnu(God).They have faithfully recorded the history and science of the survivors in scriptures.
Bhadraswam and yamakoti along with ar e along the Aleutian bay in pacific ,sakalin and kuril islands including.From this it is evident that ancient Romakapura of astronomers is not the modern Rome.The social,cultural links between the oldest inhabitants of Romakapuram and Kuru (which surprisingly includes Sahara desert and Mali republic).and the evidence of caves in Sahara desert where humans lived millions of years ago and the Dogon tribes of MALI (Thumbukthu)knowing the Sirius star and its binary (which is known to samavedin Dalbian rishi of India also)and some of the aspects of Romakasidhantha the links are more wide and ancient than suspected by the European enthusiasts like Max Muller.It goes to roots of world history .Not to Indian history alone.


Chapter 4 Cradle of Astronomy .Greece or India.? A discussion based on Panchasidhanthika


The belief that Indian astronomy is just a borrowed science from Greece and Rome is still very strong in the socalled educated men and women of India.This is taught in Schools and colleges after 18th century writers like Warren,Whitney ,Bailey and Thibout.The views of Thibout about this is seen in his preface to Panchasidhanthika (1889).Any scientific oriented logical mind would apply logic before believing something verbatim .But ,this law was not followed when Indian scholars accepted the views of Thibout which he himself says is only based on partial understanding of the text,and that with the preformed opinion that anything from India should be scientific only after Ptolemy and could never be equal to Syntaxis.It is surprising that for nearly 200 yrs no attempt was ever done to refute such views which just shows the intellectual slavery of us/
What are the milestones in the history of Greek and Roman civilizations related to science of astronomy?
1.In 5th century BC Democritus ,the philosopher-thinker made a journey to the east and then put forth a new theory of atomic theory(kanavaadam).In Rome the poet Lucretius put forth atomic theory for the first time in Derrrum natura,along with a theory Nil Posse Creari di nihilo.From this later on Marx ,Hegel developed a “Nothing is created out of nothing theory”and Virchow ,father of Cellular Pathology created omnis cellule acellulae(without a preexisting cell no cell is created) and later on medical world understood nothing living can be created without preexisting gene,and gene is a combination of phosphate bond(energy)aminoacid sequences (and elements )on a CH base.Thus the anusidhantha of the east which Democrates got in his eastern journey and Kapila’s samkhyasidhantha(How can sat be create dout of asat)which Lucretius picked up in the BC 99-55 era became backbones of the western thought.
2.BC 570-500 Pythagorus said earth is round and not flat .Stras are fixed and not moving.This philosopher was the one who tried to tell the western world about the real nature of the soul(athma )and of the karmasidhantha.Before that Greece or Rome or any other European country was not aware of mathematical theories .Or of a lifestyle incorporating the scientific theories.
3.BC 43-AD 17 Ovid’s Ars Anatoria and metamorphosis says that Julius Caesar was transformed into a star.This is just a statement for creationof the month of July by Roman calender in memory of Caesar.And this was because by that time Rome was familiar with a puranic story of Dhruva,the prince being called the name of a star ,from the sailors and map makers of India who helped them in seatrade.
4.BC 276-194.Eratosthenese who lived in cyrene of North Africa became the librarian of Alexandria.He came across the ancient texts from India collected by Alexander and Ptolemy from India and declares that he has found out a new method to measure diameter of earth using chayaganana(shadow measurement )using gnomon(Indian Sanku).
5.BC 4th century Euclid the great Geometrician lives in Alexandria.
6.The first known Greek astronomer Miletus of Thales predicts an eclipse(in 585BC) for the first time .But he strongly advocates that the earth is flat and not round.(Still predicts an eclipse!!!)
7.Aristotle(384-322 BC) who says earth is round and stars are fixed like Pythagorus before him,considers India as the origin of all knowledge and asks his disciple ,the prince of Macedonia,Alexander to lead an expedition there and bring as many books as possible and to have discussions with the scholars there.Ptolemy,another disciple of Aristotle is part of that expedition as general of Alexander.
8.BC 3rd century Aristrchus of samos says sun is the center and not earth but Claudius Ptolemy vehemently oppose him and say earth is center.This geocentric view is accepted as well as the map of Ptolemy by Europe without questioning for 1400 yrs whereas,none of the Indian sidhanthas of varahamihira accepts that “scientific “astronomy of Ptolemy according to Thibout.
Copernicus(1473-1543)and Kepler(1571-1630)prove sun as center and orbit as eclipse (not equal as Pythagorus and Ptolemy thought)but even in 18th century thinkers like Thibout fails to see that,whatever the Ptolemians said,India never accepted a geocentric view except for the lunar calender which is a system revolving round earth.The sun was always central to Indian astronomers .The book of Ptolemy translated to Arabic in 9th century and its mistakes are recognized by European world only in 15th century and modified,
9.The 3 laws which brings fame to kepler are,
A.the elliptical orbits of planets
B.When planets are nearing sun ,the velocity of movement increase and vice versa.
C.If you can calculate the time needed for a planet to have a complete revolution round the sun ,you can calculate the distance between sun and the planet.
All the 3 laws are given by Varahamihira in his text .
10.The reason for this behavior of planets was discovered by Sir Isaac Newton.(1642-1727).If mass is doubled power of attraction is doubled and if distance is doubled the power of attraction is reduced by ¼.By this rule one can predict at what time a celestial object will reach a particular position,say in relation to the star cluster /observer.This law is elaborately described in Varahamihira’s text.
11.Einstein’s formula E=Mc2
.Mass,energy and velocity (pinda or dravya ,urja and gathi )become one in a modern Advaitha.The relativity of Einstein gives a new development to the hitherto unknown law to planet Mercury which Newton could not explain.The law for the seeghra nd manda positions is unraveled by western world through theory of relativity.This is also given in Varahamihira’s text ,not as his own but as the rule o f ancient sidhantha.
12.Dirac,Maxwell ,Lawrence,Hubbles theories make a beautiful advaitha through astrophysics.The socalled empty blackholes are understood to be the origin of all energy and sunyathavaada of the Budhists become null and void.The question can sat be created from asat become more important in the new set up.The words of Sankaracharya that the ignorant misunderstand the sat Brahmadravya as empty asat is refined by modern astronomy.
This orderly development of astronomy from BC 5th to 6th century and its different stages should be understood before we understand the importance of Varahamihira’s panchasidhanthika.It was not just an alamanacmaking exercise that he was doing with this particular book.
What are the points Thibout used to prove that Varahamihira was borrowing from the almanacmakers of GREECE and not from Greek astronomers?
1.Since there are Greek words in Varahamihira’s boook he must have borrowed .(5 Greek words are used in a background of thousands of Sanskrit words by varahamihira)
2.The aharganaganitha of Romakasidhantha starts from the place Yavanapuri
3.Poulisasidhantha gives difference between Ujjain and Yavanapura.
4.Romaka and poulisasidhatha are the only scientific theories and they are purely Greek and Roman ,not Indian.
5.Romaka use only lunisolar yuga and do not use other planets like other Indian systems.It is Metonic period.The 2850 used by Indian Romakasidhantha is not in Metonic period.This is a calculated construct of the Indians and not scientific.Just to conform to their yugaganitha.
6.The Romakasidhantha of Sreeshena takes the planetary revolutions from the unscientific vasishtasidhantha which is purely Indian and the original Romakasidhantha of Rome does not have such unscientific things.It knows only moon and sun .(lunisolar )
7.Vasishtasidhantha is aware of planetary revolutions ,chayaganitha(gnomonic calculations)lagna,division of globe into degrees ,etc yet it has to be unscientific because it doesn’t know about the Greek modifications and is prior to the Greek sidhantha.
8All the 5 sidhantha are prior to panchasidhanthika,but the oldest is Romakasidhantha .There being a commentary to it by Lata who lived in sakavarsha 427 it is anterior to that period.
9.The hindu astronomy texts are known in the name of that sidhantha from which it borrow the mean movement of the planets.
10Though Poulisa and Romaka sidhantha are same in the parallax of longitude and give atable of it and of the anomaly ,both are not giving the basic formula for its calculation whereas suryasidhantha gives it.
11.Upto the second ,Hipparchus ayanavarsha adopted with some mistakes by Ptolemy is Romakavarsha of Panchasidhanthika.The anomaly of moon in it is 110 times in 3031.
12.Jyothishavedanga,Gaargasamhitha,suryapragnapthy,Jain texts and Paraasareeyam are not touched by Greek knowledge and paithamahasidhantha is equal to these ancient texts.This is the only Hindu sidhantha which is totally free from Greek influence but is only from saka 3.And hence Hindu astronomy is far far late than Greek astronomy .
13.The latitude of moon is 240 and 270 as 2 values butif 21/8 as fractions it should have ben 280
The divisor of poulisasidhantha is rithusapthanava 679 as solar days and thririthu or 63 as lunar days and the way of getting results from small unitary numbers for cyclical yuga and using letter for number are Indian.3031 is used by this sidhantha also and this is Kaalaneeladasa of Deccan Tamilspeaking areas
15.gana,gathi,pada are used for determining moons position and position of other planets both by poulisa and vasishtasidhantha.Both these sidhanthas know the method of calculating longitude from the distance of two places.
16.6796 days 6 hrs for romakasidhantha and same days with 14 hrs for Ptolemy is the revolution time for the lunar node.
17.Dividing radius into 120 and and then each into 60 is the method of Poulisa.Not as 3438 as in Indian style.Therefore it is Greek origin.But Greece divide R into 60 .Ptolemy divide 60+60 into mts and seconds.Panchasidhanthika divides into 4 and ¼ of it into mts and seconds.these differences could not be properly assessed at the time(in 18th century).
18.Thibout finds out that the orbit of venus is slightly different in its elliptical nature from other planets and the rule to calculate it was known to Indian sidhanthas.But then he thinks,how is it possible for these orientals to have superior knowledge than the west,and how can they be more intelligent than the greeks and thus he bings the ancient vasishta and even paithamaha to a period after the first Greek astronomer.Andsince he thinks that Romakasidhantha was in 4th century AD he brings all Indian sidhanthas after that(after AD 490)To him varahamihira can never be a Newton or Einstein ,not even a Ptolemy because he is just a pagan Indian with superstitious mind.
19.The romakasidhantha which is the only one using a lunisolar yuga and does not know the other planetary motions is the only one which gives a geocentric universe


I am living in the present age.I do use English words,words from different languages I know of.This is a very normal natural thing to do for any scientist.And , I use Greenich as the universal zero time as it is the practice of the present day.I know the modern concepts of the west and the ancient concepts of the east and simply by seeing these things in my book ,suppose someone after several centuries start to assume things,it is possible to have all such confusions as Thibout had.So,this confusion can be pardoned. But has to be addressed more seriously for further development of knowledge of Indian sciences.
Which were the words used by Varahamihira from Greece?
The most important pointed out is Hora.He has written a work on Horasasthra.Hora is thought to be having resemblance to the name of Horus ,the Greek God with faces on either side .The word Hora is from which the English word hour is derived.The meaning of hora is hour.The 3rd sloka of Horasasthra shows how it is derived
.Horethyahoraathravikalpameke
Vanchanthy poorvaaparavarnalopal
Karmarjitham poorvabhave sadaadi
Yat thasya pankthim samabhivyanakthi.Ahorathra means Day and night.The last and first letters omitted ,it gives Hora .Ho is white and Ra is dark representing day and night.The positive sin and negative cosine .Which makes a whole.Rgveda say sun comes up from Sindhu for the sake of human beings (Paripasyantha sindhum avirabhyo abhavath suryanyuna)Agni ,born in Angirasagothra as son of 2 mothers first in east and then inwest has 3 faces and 7 rays in Rgveda and he is the son of the twin devis ,one white and one dark Brihad paraasarasloka says
Ahorathra aadyantha lopaad Horethi prochyathe Budha.Since Parasarahora is not touched by Greek knowledge according to Thibout himself,the view of Parasara and that of Varahamihira being the same,we have to accept this view.
The people who enter the great temple of science have different aims.The intellectual fame ,the economic power,the ecstacy of a hobby like that many .But there are a very different group of scientists whom Sankara calls Brahmin based on certain characters.The very same characteristics are given to them by Einstein (Ideas and opinions of Einstein pp 225)Silent ,not understood by others,free from the worldly desires,trying to unravel a simple logically plausible picture of the universe ,this particular person has an aim too.To experience the universe as the axis of his emotional life,and to get an energy and peace which can never be achieved from the turmoil of a earthly or physical existence,and such persons are scientists for Einstein and Brahmin for Indians.In the process the person becomes an intellectual(Budha)and a jina*(conqueror of sensory world and senses.)To quote Einstein “The state of mind which enable a man to do work of this kind is akin to the religious worshipper or the lover.The daily effort comes from no deliberate intention or programme but straight from the heart.”
If we can believe the words of Einstein”It is the combination –the law of motion and the law of attraction –which constitute that marvelous edifice of thought which makes it possible to calculate the past and future states of a system from the state obtaining at one particular moment ,in so far as the events take place under the influence of the force of gravity alone”such an edifice of thought existed in India thousands of years before Socrates and Aristotle and panchasidhanthika is a symbol of that vedic astronomical thought.If the period of life is assessed by the laws formulated ,we will have to consider Varahamihira as successor of Kepler ,Newton ,Einstein etc which I hope will not be done by future scholars.
The study of astronomy is based on the basic law of the need of a coordinate body to be observed for knowing the position,movement,velocity and distance of another coordinate body.To study moon(chandrasidhantha)one should think of a geocentric system and suppose earth ,the center is not moving.To study planets,one has to think of a sun as fixed center around which the planets revolve.To know the movement of stars ,and the planets and moon in relation tothem ,we have to think of the stars as a fixed background against which these celestial objects move.The second object(coordinate ) for studying the first object has to be considered an inertial system or Nirayana and the first as a moving dynamic sayana.When a coordinate system move in constant speed in relation to another coordinate system ,naturally becomes a nirayana or inertial system in astronomy.In this way,by inertial system suppositions one can measure the movement and position of any celestial body.The geocentric and heliocentric studies has to be seen like this.Beyond that,a infinite which is beyond spacetime,directions,qualities,movemrnt etc as absolute truth is being explored by this aapekshikasthithy universe according to Indian philosophy.That absolute is mistaken as nothingness,while it is everything in reality.That alone exists and whatever arise out of it is also part of it.The boundary of a boundary appears as zero but it is the omniscient ,omnipresent and all powerful sat,chit,ananda.The Brahma.
Sankara said
Dikdesagunagathiphalasoonyam hi paramaarthasath
Adwayam Brahma:Mandabudheenaam asad iva Prathipaadi(Chandogya Upanishad Bhashya)
Astronomy as vedanga tries to approach the absolute through a scientific logical way.And Varahamihira was a true scientist and no other scientist of astronomy(including Aryabhata)had such a comparative study done on 5 previous sidhanthaas and unifying the knowledge of the ancients.Hence panchasidhanthika ,among other astronomical texts have a very unique place

Key concepts in geography
Sarah.L Holloway,Stephen P Rice,Gill Valentine
Sage publications Reprint 2004(ref 41)

(Pp 11 )The navigational and cartographic skills of geographer during ‘heroic’age of exploration and discovery paved the way for European military and commercial colonization of the Americas,Asia and Africa.The principal geographical tool was the map/The rough sequence of events charted from early/modern navigation,to enlightened exploration ,to new geography of late 19th century and regional geography of interwar period. Pp 19.Within the tradition there is a rich source of geographic methods drawing on observation,measurement,various forms of experimentation ,theory development and testing.
Generalised relationships between philosophies and aspects of scientific methods
1.positivism-representing:observation,measurement, Auguste comte 1798-1857
2 logical empiricism.intervenig:experimentation ,laws of constant conjunction .david Hume 1711-76
3.critical rationalism.theorizing:hypothetise,experiment,test,falsify,refine Karl popper 1902-94
4.realism.uncovering hidden structures and mechanisms Roy Bhasker 1944.Andrew sayer
5.postmodern science.perception reflects the perspective of the observer,the uncertainty principle.Albert Einstein 1879-1955,Werner Heisenberg 1901-76
at the limits of observation and intervention-chaotic behaviour of nonlinear dynamical systems ,sensitivity to initial conditions
6 Rational criticism(pp 29)
The uses of experiments Harre 1981(pp38)
1As formal aspects of method
to explore characteristic of naturally occurring substances
decide between rival hypotheses
find the form of law inductively as models to simulate an otherwise unresearchable process
to exploit an accidental occurrence
to provide null or negative results

2.in development of content of a theory
through finding the hidden mechanism of a known effect
by providing existing proofs
through decomposition of an apparently simple phenomenon
through demonstration of underlying unity within apparent variety

3development of a technique
by developing accuracy and care in manipulation
demonstrating the power and versatility of apparatus

(pp41 type 2 errors more critical but more attention paid to type 1 errors type 2 for drug side effects.risk is falsely accept a drug as that with no side effects and market it.More pertinent for medicine)
Human geography as a social science is a humanities tradition.Humanities encompass study of human creativity ,knowledge,beliefs,ideas,imgination and experience .pp 73
Geography means writing the world.we think about the world and write about it in different ways.literary art serve the geographer in 3 ways pp 76
1as experiment on possible modes of human experience and relationships in study of a social space
2reveals the environmental perspectives and values of a culture
3.an attempt to balance subjective and objective as model for geographical synthesis
pp 78 geography ,landscape and visual arts.

When I write this book on astronomy and geography and mathematicological interpretations and observations of scientists from vedic times upto 16th century CE continuously ,I take into consideration all these aspects and key concepts of geography and astronomy as scientific disciplines by the modern world and try to see whether these were existing in Indian science and I find Indians had insight into all these scientific aspects and they were very particular about the accuray of their science.




Map of Vedic India




THE ROUTES
Mahagriha or Mehrgarh culture is about 8000 =7500 BC old.It is part of a civilization which existed on sharing of unfinished and finished products on an international basis.Now it is in Pakistan.But was a part of Indian civilization as archeological details clearly indicate.If such a wellplanned,systematic global trade and a centralized administration existed in 8000 BC,that is 10000 yrs ago in an area,what would have been its antiquity before becoming progressive to that stage?In the economic historiography of Indian history sathavahaka or sarthavahaka played a very important role and they were active in both the Dakshinapath (south India)and Utharapath(North India)unifying the two regions.They had very well established land routes and searoutes.The land routes were used by all.The searoutes were mainly controlled by the people in the south India and the western coast of India .What Marx said about the traditional villagebased economy of India is only partially correct when we view the urban and wellcentralised economy and administration of India right from the beginning.of prehistory continueing upto present age.In anthropological research (Ref 42 Marchell Maus The gift-1967)opined that in the gifts which are very valuable and given to other nations also included royal women as brides.The marriages of this type are seen in epics like Ramayana(Kaikeyi from Baluchistan)and Gandhari(From Ghandhara or khandahar)and Madri (from Madra)which are frontier provinces and hence very important from a point of view of invasions from other people.A similar bridal exchange is seen between the sibi people (old Sibi tribe had daughters called Shaibya)and king Solomon.With the brides ,other valuable gifts of the country also reached the king –like ornaments ,horses,food,luxury items etc.(This is described in Ramayana when Bharatha returns from Khandahar to Ayodhya with gifts from his grandfather to his father Dasaratha.The gift items are interesting which we will discuss in a subsequent chapter)The Indian rulers had representatives in all the ports along the ocean in all parts of the world and some portcities were actually controlled by them (at a distance).But the control was not based on war /power politics but on friendly trade ,exchange of materials/culture/language /and women.In the ports the representatives met the local people and exchanged materials.very one seem to have understood the signs/seals used by the Indian people.But was there a vocal language spoken between them?We have one authority at least saying that it was a silent language between locals and foreigners(here Indian in Greek soil).That is Herodotus.He speaks about the silent trade without language or middlemen directly between the locals and the foreign authority.They didn’t even meet each other.The foreign ships arrive and they keep all their commodities in a familiar common place(a market in a port)which every local knew .It was so famous and the timings of the market were specific and that also was known to all the people.After depositing the goods the foreigners retreat to their resting places.Then the locals silently enter with their products and keep them .They then retreat to their homes.The foreigners again come and value the objects kept and if they are balanced in requirements/demands they take it and replace their goods.We cant call this a usual competitive market where people argue over prices for gains.But as sharing between people on honest means.Herodotus also says that the places or cities of this foreign trade was always outside the living quarters of the people.The same is seen in south Indian sangha literature as Purachery vaaranam.
The reason for developing such a system in India must be the innumerable dialects spoken in the subcontinent itself.The system might have evolved in the subcontinent first and then extended to other continents.The common language was the seals,the weights and measures and the demand/supply knowledge and the knowledge of routes both oceanic and landroutes.
According to Atharvaveda 3 types of exchanges are(111.15)
1.Prapanam .An object in return for object-barter
2.Prathipanam .Exchange of merchandise
3.Vikriya.Actual sale of objects.
All the 3 methods brought sathadhana(Hundreds of wealth)and Vaniks (synonym Vaidehaka),banchara(streetvenders),sarthavaha(caravans)and Souvithakar(shipowners and navika)were engaged in this.So according to Athravaveda Videha ,the father of Sita was not only a king and a learned man but also engaged in trade.(Brahmakshthra and vaisya combination)
Periplus tells us about the ivory of Docerene.Who are docerenes?The Latin word is the one which became Doctor in English .And in veda they are the twin doctors the Dasra or Nasatya or the Aswins ,the vedic physician/surgeon divine serpents.Iory comes from Africa and India and Indian ivory was seen in all the major civilization sites of the old world.And at least 10000 yrs back a sharing by searoute and landroute existe din Indian subcontinent as evidenced from the Mehrgarh culture sites.Then why are we trying to bring the Docerenes of the vedic period to myths or to later historic periods?It is simple intellectual slavery .Nothing else.
According to Pliny kings get more money out of the salt mountains of India which he calls Ouromenus,than gold and silver.Now that mountain is in Pakistan.The other source of salt were the seashores.The salt dealers of the coastal region were called parathavar,meenavar,mukkuva,naavika(souvithaka or sathadhana)and locally as uppukotta upto 5th century AD.Uppu is salt and kottam is wealth or prosperity.During kusana periods a saltdealer gives tributes to a temple(siyadoni nemakavanija).We find that during the sathavahana empire the king had some special levi for the salttrade which was exclusively his.Parathava or Bharathava in Sanskrit ,is thus a common people belonging to entire India(Bharath)and Bharathamuni who made bharathakala(literature,music and drama)and Sage vyasa who made the Vedas famous as we know it today were members of this fishermen or Meenava community.One of the meenave brides (Satyavathy)who is incidentally Vyasa’s mother also .to the Pooru/kuru dynasty is to be viewed as a gift of the meenava to the king in the sense of Marcell Maus.It was her progeny who ruled India during the Mahabharatha period and one of their cousins(Krishna)had a portcity in Dwaraka for trade of this kind .The differences of south .north,east and west were thus neutralized by a unified system of administration and world economy for benefit of all. The communication language of the Indian subcontinent as seals and the finished and unfinished objects has a very important role in this unification of he world.The seals in Mesopotamia,Egypt,Hindukush,and in several other places show that the language of the seals was wellknown all over the ancient world.
Copper was present in Rajasthan,in south India and in Baluchistan(kekaya).Still the copper of Oman was taken by Harappan sailors to share it with Elam and Mesopotamia and to supplement .They took gold from kolar and from the Americas.Silver from Iran.By giving weight and measures,language,mathematics,use of zero ,sign language(lipi)and musical notations and instruments and culture they became Guru to the entire world.Rgveda speaks of Pani(Phani)who goes on long voyages to bring sathadhana to India.These are the Phoenicians.or Vanika a corruption of Panika.Such families formed guilds and functioned on cooperative basis at least from Mehrgarh times and evidence of them is seen in Sangham literature,Jathaka tales and in several inscriptions of the land.The smallest weight of Rgveda ia a krishnaala(a seed of Abrus precatorius)which is 1.8 yava.Sathamana is thus 180 yava and this forms the smallest weights of a suvarna(gold) and a rajatha or rayi (silver)
Here we will discuss some of the ancient landroutes taken by the monks and the merchants alike.
1.Mahaparinirvana sutha.Travel of Budha.
Starts from Rajgrih in south Bihar,Ammabilathika,Nalanda,Padaleegamam,kodigaamam,Vaisali,Pawa,Kuseenaram where he dies.
2.Suthanipatham .Travel of Bhaveru.
Starts from Prathishtan(Paithan)of Madhya Deccan,and travels upto the capital of Kosala called Sravasthy which is the present Lucknow.He crosses mahishmathy(Mandhana and Nimar)Ujjain(Usseni)Vidisha(vedisa)Thumbavanam(Tumain in east Madhyapradesh)kousambi(near Allahabad).This was almost like an ancient grand trunk road of the ancients connecting the south and the north routes(Dakshinapath and Utharapath)
3.The journey of Jeevaka
Stars from Takshakasila(Taxila)near the present Rawalpindi,reach Bhadramkara(Sialkot),Udumbara(Pathankot)and Rohithaka(Rohatak) and this is called the Utharapatham by Panini (the northern routes).
Now draw a map of India and connect these places .The routes join and connect the entire land of India from Gandharam to Prthishtan and on the east ,the way from Rajgrih or Magadha join it kousambi /Allahabad in Gangha.From Rohithak to Mathura and from vidisha to ujjain and to Rohithak is a central place called Daasapuram .From Sutlej or sarayu to this place was under the dasa king Guha ,during Ramayana times and to cross sarayu to this place one needed the permission of this daasa king Guha.(From this one can guess the importance of the daasa /dasyu in vedic India)
4.The journey of Rama and sita in Pushpaka vimana gives an aerial view of places when they return from Lanka to Ayodhya.From Lanka to Ayodhya the places seen are
1.Thrikutachala over which Lanka is seen
2.The battleground and the place where Rama stayed during the war
3.The seashore of Lanka with the endpart of Nalasethu which was made for sita’s rescue
4.The ocean and the part of Nalasethu within it,the sankha,chippi and coral reefs that raise from the oceanic bed
5.the seashore at Indian end where the army of Rama stayed while the sethu was in construction and known as the sethubandha
6.The famous place where shiva’s presence is always there(Rameswaram)
7.kishkinda with its chithravana(forests)
8.Rishyamukachala with golden ore where rama met Sugreeva
9.Pambasaras (River Pamba)and its chitravana
10.Place where Sabari lived(Present sabarimala and the ashram of sage Mathanga who made Brihadhesi)
11.The janasthana where Jatayu was cremated
12.The ashram of Rama and seetha in Panchavadi
13River Godavari
14 old ashram of Agastya occupied by his disciple Sutheeshna
15 Sarabhanga ashram
16.Ashram of Athri
17.Ashram of Bharadwaja called Chithrakuta (present Ramgiri/Ramgarh)where Bharatha met Raman
18.River kalindi and Bharadwajas ashram
19.The place where the 3 tributaries of Ganga are seen
20.Sringiverapuram of friend Guha .(Singror according to Cunningham)
21.Sarayu river
22 Dasaratha rajadhani
This ancient route of Rama from Srilanka meets the northern route at Janasthana in Godavery .And by crossing Sarayu one can go to Utharapatha of Panini easily.
5.Route as told by the Brahmin from Kudanadu Manghattu to Kannaki and Kovalan to reach Madhura.
He is seen by the couple near Nedumchuram on his way to Thirupathi venkatam from Thiruvananthapuram Padmanabhaswami kshethram.Nedumchuram is the present Palghat Pass.
1.Nedumchuram is full of ara,pora,lanes,watercontaining tanks and waterways,and lakes.
2.After Nedumchuram kodumbai and Nedumkulam(Present Kodumbu and nedumpuraiyur)
3.There like the trident of shiva there are 3 ways .All of them lead to Madurai
4.Right path-circumambulated Pandya’s chirumala and reach Madurai.This is the Udumalpettai,Pazhani,Kodaikanal route
5.The left takes to the cave in Thirumal kunnu and 3 lakes called punyasaravana,Bhavakarini and Ishtasidhi.From the mountain with the cave a stream falls down and is called Chilambaru(The present Manalaru which connects Bharathapuzha and Periyar in the shape of a chilambu).This is the chittoor,Kollangode,Paadagiri,Parambikulam,Nelliyampathy route.
6.The middle way is through Pollachi,Vettakaran puthur,Bodhinayakkanur to Madhura.
All the 3 meet at Bodhinayakanur and reaches Madhura,Kovalan and Kannaki takes the middle way and meets Salini at Vettakaran puthur.
Kindly note that this route meets the Aruvamozhichuram route of the pothikai(oxes carrying sacks of salt)from Thiruvananthapuram through Idukki without toiuching Palghat .If one wants one can touch Palghat as well ,as this Brahmin traveler does because he is from Kudanadu.
6.The landroutes of Rajasthan.
From the records of Rajasthan it is seen that kishkindha extended from what Rama said(In south )to the Udaypur district where the kalyanpur is called as Kishkindha of Guhilas.Guhilas of Kalyanpur had 3 branches called Aranyar(vanavasi or forestdwellers),koopar(from koopakarajya)and Giris(from mountains)
From the medieval records we get a picture of the major centers of trade and places where the merchants met and exchanged goods,type of goods etc.The sarthavahak of Rajasthan had connections to international and national inland trade connections.Ghatakoopa,Thrinakoopa,Isanakoopaka,kollikoopaka etc are placenames in Rajasthan which shows the koopaka /kishkindha connection very clearly .Kolli is the area in Kerala and Chera kings have epithet kollikavalan in sangham literature.Koopaka is part of west coast related to kuttam,kuda,poozhi,mozhipeyardesa and mooshaka koopaka kingdoms.The most important thing is the places where the sharing take place is called either Hatta or Mandapika .(Hatta is corruption for patta/pattanam.)Pattanam and Mandapa are two terms we see in the southernmost part near rameswara and in TamilNad and in Nepal(Kathmandu-wooden mandapa)at the northernmost .The same occur in Madhyapradesh and in Rajasthan in the middle of India.Mandhai in Lanka also had the same meaning.
List of trade centers in Rajasthan in medieval times as per records
AD location Ruled by Name in records
644

861

905

916
939
997

953

955



961
1017-18
1080
1109

1115-1278
1156-1161


1161

1178
1184
1250

1276
1291
1288

1296
Dhod in Bilwara dist
ghatiyala near jodhpur


Kaman in bayana

Hasthikundika
Godwar in SE Marwar pali dist,

Ahada in udaypur

Bayana –bharathpur



Rajor Alwar
Shergarh/kotta
Arthuna-Banswara
Thalabad 11 miles south Banswara
Sevadi .pali dist

Badari near nador in pali

Nadol

kiratharupa or kiradu


mandor near jodhpur
kammanur near udaypur
Rathanpur
Jodhpur
Chandravathy sirohi part
jalor Guhila

Prathihara

Prathihara


All 3 under Rashtrakuta

Guhila

Prathihara/soorasena



Prathihara
Paramara
Paramara
Paramara

Chahamana

Chahamana


Chahamana

Chalukya/chahamana


Chahamana

Chahmana
Chahmana
Chahamana
Paramara

chahamana Hatta

Hatta in Rohinsa koopakagram
Kambalihatta at kamyakeeyakotta


Collectively called Rajdhani

Mandapika-Aghaathapuram

1.Mandapika at vudavatha
2.Mandapika at Sreepatham


Hatta –Rajyapuram
Mandapika
Hatta
Pattanavara

1samipadi pattanam
2.mandapika

Naddoolathalapatha sulkamandapika
Same name as above

Sulkamandapika
Mandavyapureeyamandapika


Mandavi

Hatta
Hatta
Chandravathy mandapika

Nigra(sra)nikshepaghatta
Part from this list which extends from AD 644 to AD 1296 over a span of 600 yrs there are some special sites of Chahamana mentioned.as below

1138-1145 Nadukladakika or Narlei in pali Vanacharaka had their desi or local presence and the loaded bullockcarts were paying chunkam or levy to them
1141




1295 Vahadameru or juna vadmer near Barmer Dalopasthanam near Nadol Samasthajanapada including people with Anahithavada could exchange things there


A place where sarthavahasangha having loaded(Bhaara)oxcarts,camelcarts etc could rest.
An interesting place is kamyakeeyakotta which functioned at least till AD905.It is also called Kambalihatta or kampilyakapattanam in records of Medieval times.It was famous for the cattle markets of Bhartathpur.This place is mentioned in Mahabharatha with the same name.When Pandava were living in forest ,they lived in Kamyakavana in kampilyakam Excavations around showed that around the old cattlemarket were streets of sankhika(who work on conches and conch ornaments)Kamsyakara(artisans on alloy of copper and tin)Kalyapaala(people who distill medicinal as well as alcoholic beverages).This was apractice in old south India also to have separate streets for each of the artisans/industries.In Sangham literature we have evidences of it.Even in modern Kerala if we go to Palghat we can see this.Whole streets are named in the industry/trade the people follow.Kamyakeeyakotta is not a place near ocean.still it has a street for workers on conches and shells of oceanic origin.This shows how the people of India were doing the centralized production and sharing of goods(raw as well as produced finished goods)in the local inland areas as well.The same thing was followed in the distant foreign continents .Did the common people have knowledge of what is available and what is the produce in demand in these areas so that they can give and take in exchange.A list of things existed and such a list is seen in some medieval records.The merchants had known what is available and what is in demand in various places and then collected them from available lands and shared them globally .(taking great risks of their life itself ).
The medieval list
Hasthinakundika Wheat ,barley ,grains
Pulses
oils Cotton
Manjishtam
Thamra and other metals
Ralaka(from animalskin) Salt
Kollika from leaves
Kumkuma
guggulu
Ahar .Udaypur Agricultural products in 2 measures of Thula and Adaka
Gaanaka(oil)
Madhura(sweetmeets) Kollikaparna Ivory
Animalhair including horsehair
Sringa(animal horns)
Ranghor.Alwar Ghoni(agricultural products in sacks)
Butter,oils kollika
Arthuna Yava,bhandadhanyam
Ikshu(for sugar)
Ghandagula(pieces of jaggery)
Karpasa(cotton)
Suthra(thread)
Karpatakotika(new cotton garments)
Ajyathaila(sesame oil)
Oil
Arecanut
coconut Citron
Thamra
Loha objects
Manjishtam or turmeric Salt
Parna
Cattlefodder
Natla Dhanya
Keeradhavu (grampo,green pepper,dry cinnamon)
Oils ghee Cotton
Pooga haareethaki(betel)
Iron weapons
Manjishtam
jewellery
From what is said in medieval Rajasthan we get a picture how the Mehrgarh culture (Harappan/Mohenjodaro/vedic civilization)was functioning at its most mundane economic/social front.To maintain such a system from Mehrgarh period at the latest (8000BC to 1295 AD as shown above)for a continuous 10000 yrs and more is not a simple thing.It is in this light the epics and the descriptions in them,the vedic history etc have to be viewed.Both literary,archeological corrobortation exists for this cultural continuity and history of India and hence the chronology of kings and rulers given in veda and epics have to be reevaluated by historians and archeologists.

7.Sankisa of Fahien
The Chinese traveler wrote that 18 yojana south of Mathura lie sankisa and near to it is TO-MO-LI-TI ,a kingdom near the confluence of a river .It is 50 yojana away from Chamba city.From this Cunningham described it near Ferukabad .Wilson corroborating vayupurana and markandeyapurana thought Thamralipthy is Tomoliti and it is at mouth f Ganga .Thus the route of the chinese traveler they determined as
1Mathura
2Sankisa
3Kanouj
4Sanchi
5Banarus
6Mozafurpur stupa north of Pataliputhar
7 caves of Gaya
8Rajagriha
9.Orissa
10 Thamralipthy
11.Ceylon or srilanka
The route seems correct except probably the identification of Tamralipthy at mouths of Ganga.It is further south at southern tip of India.And from orissa to thamraparni and from there to Ceylon was an ancient route used for millennia.
It is interesting to note that Cunnignam who initially said puranas of India are only myths and cannot be relied upon for identification of historic places finally had to change his opinion and say that they are the most important helpful tools for an archeologist./historian for identification of ancient sites/routes etc.He wrote :-Our difficult paths were smoothed by the labours of our greatest Sanskrit scholars ,whose translations have placed within our reach nearly all the chief works of Indian learning.
Archeologists by their survey in east Rajputana stumbled upon the genealogical origin of yaduvansi and of the Maus(Mooshakavansa).The topographic survey of Krishna’s birthplace Mathura gave insights into Parkham,Mahavan(near Gokul)Bharathpur,Gwalior etc.They could locate Kousambi ,pabosagiri,the temple of Karkotakanaaga in Bardeval.The rikiyan caves and the ramgiri or chithrakut of Bharadwaj.To the west of Karkotakagiri ,12 miles away from the mound of dhandkhera lie the karkotakanagaram.It is only a 4 sq mile area but yielded 6000 punchmark coins,a factory of pearl and precious jewels,and it was the oldest capital of the old Madhyamika (Mjjimikaya)people called sibijanapada.It is called Nagri or Nagari.Several megalithic stones were seen in this area.

8.J.D.Beglar of archeological survey of India
He discovered the old Eran remains with varahamurthy between the sea and the Bhopal area and tried to study the ancient trade routes.He rediscovered the old route from Vidarbha to Orissa touching the ancient city of Koundinyapura(Rugmani’s birthplace).Th eold route touches all the old cities from vidarbha to orissa and is a west-east route from kakkar near Nagpur,via shewa,ganjam,jangada and it has 2 routes one straight to Mahanadi valley ,turn south and reach the shores of sea at Orissa or ,without taking that route straight landroute to the western end of Orissa.
A very important point which is seen only in Indian routes is that in the Bharhout survey the temple at Chandreha is touched by all the routes and this temple is in the Kaimur-Vindhya line(central line from kaimur to viindhya mountains)and all the old roads touch this temple.
In sunay ghat only bullocks can travel,no wheeled vehicles.The old route from north coming from Badanpur pass bifurcates at Mahiyar one to dams and the other down the pass to Bilhari.After the Badanpur pass there is a second bifurcation at the south.
One to karilathei,bijera,gogarh,thevai.
The other barei,kavoria,chandra,from Chandra a branch to simhapura ,Ramgarh,Bichiya sahejpur,upto Kakkar in south.The other Bandogarh,Pali,sohagpur,dangavon,kuttock.
As we have seen earlier Simhapura or singrur is sringaverapura of Guha and Ramgarh is Ramgiri of Kalidasa and the Chithrakut of Ramayana.(very well corresponding with the archeological survey landnmmarks of old routes)

What I have tried in this article is to draw some sketches of the oldest recorded landroutes in literary/puranic/ithihasa/medieval records and this network of old communications and the extensive landroutes were the backbone of Indian culture and teachings being given to all the nation and to international teaching as well.These routes were routes of both ideas(monks)and objects(economy and arts and architecture)and of women as brides(interchange of genetic material and cultural mixing )The routes connecting Lanka to Khandahar(south –north)and the connections from east and west intersecting these at the middle forming a lattice of communications are to be known before we start assessing the history and language of the Indus script.Hence this is an introductory for Indian history from the viewpoint of a modern Indian scholar

FROM AYODHYA TO KEKAYA


In Ayodhtyakandam 68th sarga Vasishta sends his special envoy to Kekaya to bring back Bharatha and Sathrugna from Kekaya.He asks them to take the best horses and to reach there swiftly and not to tell the princes the reason why they are called back.And he sends some precious jewels and the best silk clothes to Aswapathy and Yudhajith as presents.In 7th sarga ,Valmiki tells us a list of presents which Aswapathy sends to his son-in-law,Dasaratha.He sends
1.Elephants
2.Chithrakambala
3.Ajina
4.golden lockets 2000 numbers
5.Horses 1600 numbers
6.A few honest,wise and good ministers for protection in the journey
7.Gana(soldiers)who are like the elephants of Indra
8.Swift running Khara or mules
9.Hunting dogs which have the strength of a tiger and are specially protected in the palace and with sharp canines(These are the mastiffs which are still famous in those regions)
It is thus a big caravan or a sarthavaahakasangha that is accompanying Bharatha to India.Naturally he has to take the caravan route and caanot take the route taken by the envoy Vasishta sent.Bharatha takes 7 days to reach Ayodhya with this big retinue.The route is drawn with precision by Valmiki .
.1First he see a river in the Sudama mountain(Present Sulaiman )called Sudaama river.
2.Then he see a broad river ,flowing to the west as Hladini
3.Sathadru
4.Elaadhanee river
5.The silaa river(stony river )of Aparapappada.Towards its Agnikon is a silavaha where salyakarthana is done.
6.Reaches the Chaithrarathavana after crossing several mountainous tracts
7.He sees the saraswathy and Sindhu snghamam
8 Reach Bharundakaananam north of Veeramatsya
9.The swiftflowing kalinga river enclosed by mountains.There he rests and gives rest to his horses
10.Dense forests
11.He see Ganga in Ansudhana but do not cross the river there
12.Instead he crossed it at Pragvapuram
13.Kutigoshtika
14.Dharmavardhana
15.Towards the south of its thorana lies Jambuprastha
16.He reaches the Varoothagraama and stays at the Ramyavana for the night
17.To the east is Ujjihana garden with the famous red cotton plantations.Bharatha walks around and see this cotton garden
18.Crosses the river Uthanika
19.Crosses several rivers to reach Hasthisrishtaka
20.Crosses Kudika river
21.Crosses Kapeevathy river in Louhitya
22.Crosses Sthanumathy river in Ekasaalam
23.Crosses river Gomathy in Vinatham
24.Then he cross the forests belonging to the Kalingadesha
25 And reaches the ancient city of his ancestors .

The route that the messengers of Vasishta took is as follows
1.They traveled along the river Malini
2.Crossed Ganga at Hasthinapura
3.Kurujangala/Anupadesa is crossed where they see numerous migratory birds
4.Kalpatharu is seen and they pay homage to it
5.See the Bodhi of Kalingadesa
6.The Ikshumathy river of the ancients
7.Crossing it they reach the Sudama mountain and the Girivraja of kekayarajagriha.

Identification of the routes and the names

The old Ikshumathy or Oxus of the ancients is the oxus valley of Afghanistan and from there the messengers directly enter the Sulaiman ranges-sudama mountain- where within a wall of mountains is the Girivraja of kekaya.This is the area where you find sindhivar,sringhar areas and the Mehrgarh of the archeologists.
The kalinga of Ramayan means the Indus script of Brahmi Ka,which is in the shape of a chithrakut (with a center and 4 paths leading from it ,as in swasthik,sarvathobhadra style)and this symbol was there in every landroute where the traveler has to take a bifurcation,as well as in every port to show the presence of a Kalankarai vilakku(kalam+karai+vilakku-ship,shore and lighthouse sign)Beyond this Chithrakuta the messengers see the Oxus and the kekaya in sudama ,means they were using the ocean route here.Beyond the chithrakuta and the kalpa tree(There is a place called Kalpa in the area if you look at the present Indian Atlas,)they were in the landmasses and the low lying areas where the migratory birds come,(The Anoopadesha)of the kuru and Panchala ,and to reach there they had crossed Ganga at Hasthinapura.They were following the route of the Malini ,the present day Chamba to reach Hastinapura.
So the route of messengers is easy to trace.

To recapitulate they take a route in the northwestern direction,from Saketha along river Chambal,cross Ganga at Hastinapura,in the kurupanchaladesa,and then to the lowlying Anupghar or anupadesha,where the migratory birds are seen in plenty,Then kalpa,and the kalinga sign,at the confluence of old Ikshumathy,where Brahmins live with just a handful of water (due to unavailability of food _vegetarian food-)Reach sulaiman ranges in the center of Bahlikadesa(Baluchistan)and see the feet of Vishnu,Vipaasa river,and other rich forest areas and then the Girivraja kekaya or the Mehrgarh area.

But with his long retinue Bharatha takes a slightly different route.The names are all changed now and it is difficult to identify.But we will have some clues for identification.
1.Sudama.river ,must be near the sudama mountain as the name implies and we can identify it as Bohan river
2.Then he moves north and see the broad part of the Sindhu in the area called Noushera which was the Oxus of the Ikshwaku races.This part was a part of the HakkA-Ghagger system.
3.The sathadru which Bharatha see cannot be the sutlej as we know.It is in the Girivraja(Girdao) area of Swat ,called the Charsadu river which is seen after seeing the Siritoi river.
4.Eladhane river is the present Kunaar which pass through kiladrosh.The relation of swat and kerala with the river kounar there had been the reason for the change in name from elaadhaane to kunar.Even the name eladhane has a name similarity to elam ,a product from kerala hills which was being sent to swat regularly.The word Elamite came from Eladhaane.
5.The silanadi or stone river of Aparapappada.This is the Chithral river or river chithra flowing through aparabarbaradesa.And Valmiki says in the agnikon of it is silaavaha where salyakarthana is done.
Salyakarthana is quarry.silavaha is mountains or stones bearing metals.If you look at a corner of chithral ,beyond the Doseth pass is the ansuman ,khurram,kocha areas and great lapis lazuli mining areas ,seen even in todays map.

From this detailed description we can assume that the kalinga,and kalpatharu areas could be this as well.
6 chithrarathavana of Bharatha.Bharatha crosses several mountains to reach this.This is the siladoni(silavana)8126 m above sealevel .One can reach siladoni from chithral through Gilgitt.Chithraratha was a Gandharva.This part is known as chithrarathavana ,the place of Gandharva.This is the part where the Ghaggar or Dridashwathy of the veda with its branch choukal or chitram
It is important to note that here lies the famous salt mountains or Oromanous of Ptolemy which was a major area which brought revenue to the ancient Indians.The silgarh of Nepal is nearby .
7Bharatha see saraswathy and sindhu meeting there.The branch of Sindhu from the east meets at Gilgit ,several branches of rivers from Pamir and Ashkuman(Amsuman).This part is called Shilpi(or viswakarma)Ghaggar and Sindhu ,saraswathy and sindhu and the sindhu/saraswathy system is formed in these areas.
8.To the north of Veerapanchala(the present Pir panchal plateau)Bharatha see the Bharundakaanana.Bahraich north of Pir panchal.which is just above the Noushera area.
South of Siladoni,and north of Shibiyan pass(the land of the sibhi kingdom) is the route given in Rajatharangini to reach Kashmere.
In salyana(salyavana)river sarju(sarayu)joins chooriya(surya river)and together they form the Ghaggar system.This was the famous salt route.Wherever there is fish there would be bharunda birds to eat them.Veeramatsya is the veerapanchala people and near them are seen the migratory bird sanctuary of Bharunda birds .Thus the saradanda river of the messenger has double meaning when we see the route taken by Bharatha,and literally the origin of the words are interesting.Siyadoni nemakavanija in prakrith means (Brahmi paali)the salt merchants of siladoni till the sathavahana period.
(Siladoni –siyadoni
Saravana-salavana-sayaavan
Saalathura-siyalkot (The birthplace of Paanini derived)
9.Bharatha see a swiftflowing river in between mountains called kaalika
The two possibilities are
Kaalika in Kashmir valley
Kali Ghandaki in Nepal valley .
Bharatha took rest there and gave his horses also water and food and rest from the long journey.
10.Then Valmiki states that eventhough Bharatha had seen Ganga from Anshudhaana(Anshuman or Ashkuman ) after crossing a thick dense forest,he didn’t cross it there .To the southeast of Muzzafarbad,near Kistan one can see Gangha ,but the caravan usually do not cross it there but come down and then cross it to reach Indian Mainland.
11.Bharatha stayed at Varuthagrama after crossing Gangha at Pragvapuram.
Pragvapura is Ramnagar and the Ganga there is Ramgangha.
12.Immeadiately after crossing Gangha Bharatha see the Dharmavardhana (Dharmasthala now)
13.After that he reach Varudhagrama where he stay for a night
Below the level of Noushera ,one can note in the map of India Akshnur,Udhampur,Ramnagar,chamba,madhavpur,Dharmasthala,jwalamukhi and Mandhi or Mandhavyapuram.To the northwest of Mandhavyapura is the Vahadamanu grama or the Varuthagrama.All the places just now mentioned together were the kutigoshtika or the house of the families of the caravans.From Ramghar ,one can travel by Gonda,Basthy and by traveling 20 miles to the north can reach Kapilavasthu (The Uthanika route Kaaligandhaki is also called the Uthanika river )This route was taken by Budha to reach India from Nepal.Mandi is to the southernmost part of Himachal Pradesh.
The kutighoshtika of the Indian sarthavahasangha which travel between Utharapatha and Dakshinapatha was in the Vindhya.
One question is why Bharatha took such a circuitous route to Vahakamanu or Varuthagrama?
The answer is ,he was either visiting his wife Mandavi/or her relatives or may be he wanted to take her from her father’s house to where she had gone in his absence.The fact that he stayed in Varuhagrama in Ramyavana or the old Kampilyaka (Kamyaka or Ramyavana)area shows that he was with his wife then.
17.To the east of Varuthagrama is Ujjihana garden with plantations of red cotton and Bharatha leisurely walks around it and see it (probably with his wife)since he has no idea that he is called for a very grievous purpose ,to finish the last rites of his father.The messengers never told him that ,since Vasishta did not want to disclose it .
Ujjihana in the Ramayana times could be Ujjain of the early Christian era.
18.The Uthanika river which Bharatha now crosses is a tributary of Ganga/sarayu system near Utham(Udham)pur.
19.Hasthisrushtaka is Hasthinapura,the capital of the kuru kingdom .He cross this place.
20.Kutika is the kusika river.or sunkosi river.which originate from Nepal and pass through India as a tributary to Gangha.The story of this river as the sister of Viswamithra,satyavathy,the wife of Richeeka of Bhrighu clan and mother of Parasurama is wellknown and is recited by Valmiki in Baalakhanda.
21.21 and 22 are two rivers in the western part –Kapithali or kapivathy in Louhitya or Rohitak (Rohtak of archeologists)and Sthanumathy in Ekathala .Why these are mentioned at the end is confusing.Probably as a short account of other rivers he crossed ,Valmiki might be giving these names.
23.The Gomati in Vinatha is a known tributary of Gangha.
24.Then Bharatha crossed a forest belonging to chedi and reached his fathers ancient city.
I could not understand how and why Bharatha should reach Kalinga/chedi for reaching Ayodhya.But ,then I remembered Sathrughna was with him.And his wife ,Shruthakeerthi of the Chedi/Kalinga family must also be picked up just like Mandavi. ( or possibly a piece of land was occupied by Chedi people near Ayodhya too).But more important was how the Ka of Brahmi,the signpost of the Indus/Harappan/Mehrgarh people determined all their movements from the nomadic days of the tribe.In this the role of the Dakshinapath/Utharapath cross I had to draw carefully.When I did this the entire picture was crystal clear.
Squaring of Vaasthu or Chathurasreekarana of earth (which is actually a geodesic)for mundane purposes is done by Indians right from vedic times as the sacrificial rites show.The sign is used in Indus seals consistently and in Brahmi script,in coins of ancient kings etc.It is still used in the cross of Christians.This is the word yuga/or yuj which means yoga or addition,or mingling .And is the sign of riches as Kalpatharu Bhagavathy .(Apsara /women as wives /sisters.or apsara,the formost being Lakshmi/saraswathy/Parvathy)If you look at the Kamyak(Kamyakavana is mentioned in Mahabharatha when Pandava live there and Dhoumya become their Purohith) of the old route of dakshinapath /utharapath meeting place you will find sreepura above it and Mandhor to right of it .Bharathpur sanctuary of birds and animals is in kamyakavana.A diagonal from Shotrugai(sathrughnapura)as the northernmost outpost to to eastern outpost in Kalinga/chedi Sisupaalagriha meets at the center where the uthara and dakshinapath meet.In 600 BC Mahajanapadha time,Chedi (kalinga empire)extended upto Avanthy –Ujjain ,and one who follows a straight path from Utharapatha down from kashmere valley reach Veeramatsya,Matsya ,Avanthy .Then has to take a route up to reach kosala,and to northeast to reach saketha ,which naturally touches the forest areas of chedi.
Kamyak or Kaman was the center till the end of Chouhamana rulers in 12th –13th century and was the Mandap of Guhilas of Kishkinda from old records .(A continuous center of trade in Indian history)
See the maps below.

Map 1.Harappan civilization routes
Map 2.Mahajanaptha period




It is clear that Bharatha was following the route of the Harappan/Mehrgarh period and during those times a caravan could not cross without touching the central part –Vindhyan,Aavanthi,Chedi area and getting a green card from them into the Indian mainland.Since Bharatha had a retinue of Kekaya people with him he took this route so that he could leisurely visit his wife and take her home as well.
The messengers of Vasishta on the other hand ,took the landroute first,along the mainland,and then took a short oceanic course from the mouth of sindhudesa and reached Sudama mountain from there.(a shorter course which is done quickly )